62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



typology must be relied upon to give some indication as to supposed 

 time placement. 



It is becoming more and more apparent that a thorough examination 

 of all broken stone and lithic artifacts be made, as they are proving 

 crucial in determining the entire span of man's existence within the 

 reservoir area and its environs. It is hoped that this study will ulti- 

 mately throw some light, not only upon the proper placement of 

 projectile types but upon the associated artifacts utilized by man. The 

 writer is fully cognizant of the fact that it is most difficult to accord 

 convincing proof regarding their antiquity when in the ground stratig- 

 raphy is lacking at the present time and there is no tie-in with extinct 

 fauna or carbon 14 dating. 



The writer feels confident, however, from the very nature of these 

 sites in the east, that he may be able to demonstrate a certain degree 

 of correlation of projectile types, both from the east and from proved 

 sites of antiquity in the western section of the United States. As it 

 now stands, he is not trying solely to indicate types of equal antiquity, 

 but is trying for correct placement for this section of Virginia and 

 northern North Carolina and in extending the range of specific types. 



Here in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina, there are 

 various types of preceramic sites : those that can easily be assigned to 

 Early Man, those to the Archaic stone industry, and those belonging to 

 the Transitional Period that separates the late Archaic from Early 

 Woodland. 



The greater part of the flake material has been studied in detail to 

 determine, if possible, the source from which it was drawn. Of the 

 five thousand flakes, ranging in diameter from 0.5 cm. to 8.3 cm., ex- 

 amined, none could be identified as coming from any special quarry 

 area. Chert formations are known to underlie a greater part of the 

 area, together with smaller deposits of rhyolite. Quartz and quartzite 

 occur either as dykes or nodules in stream beds, while chalcedonies 

 occur mostly as nodules in the stream beds. Whether the aborigines 

 actually quarried for chert and rhyolite or were satisfied to use the 

 various large boulders or nodules easily secured from outcrops is not 

 known. All these materials are so common and uniform in character 

 that they were probably derived from some local source. 



These various surface concentrations of stone artifacts would indi- 

 cate that we are dealing with either workshops, campsites, or primi- 

 tive occupational areas of a people who chose these places for some 

 obvious reason, which is not apparent at the present time. The arti- 

 facts themselves can be divided into three well-defined size groups, 

 viz, microlithic, intermediate, and large. Within the whole assem- 

 blage are listed : borers, bunts, burins of various types, chisels, cores, 

 disks, flakes, flakes with blades and nibbled edges, notched flakes, uti- 

 lized flakes, flakes with graver tips, gravers or perforators, hammer- 



