pip. K' IsT" JOHN H. KERR RESERVOIR BASIN — MILLER 63 



stones, hand axes, picks, projectile types, recloirs, retouchers, scrap- 

 ers of many different kinds and sizes, spoke shaves, and other forms. 

 Some of these are diagnostic time markers, while others are of such 

 ubiquitous nature that they serve no real value as such. 



MIOROLITHIC INDUSTRY 



From an early horizon at Grassy Creek site, MMc53, we found a 

 number of microlithic artifacts mixed with a heavy gravel layer that 

 underlay an archaic deposit, and a later culture that contained pottery 

 remains. These tools have been identified as borers, gravers, scrapers, 

 burins, and blades (pi. 15). 



Borers. — The majority of the borers are made from small, moder- 

 ately thick flakes or chips which have been altered by percussion chip- 

 ping into the desired shape. The borer-tip shows various types of 

 treatment, e.g., both edges may be trimmed only on the upper face, 

 the bulbar face, or alternately, and a few have the tip trimmed all 

 around. 



Gravers. — Gravers must not be confused with burins, for tlie burin 

 is a more encompassing artifact. Practically all gravers have been 

 fashioned from thin chips by means of pressure flaking, creating the 

 desired working tip by retouching either the upper face, the bulbar 

 face, or alternately on both faces. 



Burins. — The term "burin" will be used in place of its somewhat 

 equivalent "graver" since the former does not carry with it the dis- 

 advantage of suggesting the tool used only for engraving. Similar 

 tools occur chiefly in upper paleolithic industries and are of very 

 great importance. For a tool to be classed as a burin it is necessary 

 that it should have at least one burin facet. Burkitt (1933, pp. 

 59-60) explains this by saying: 



When secondary work is clone on a blade or flake, as for example, when an 

 edge is to be trimmed, vertical blows are dealt on the edge, the flake or blade 

 itself being held horizontally. This is invariably the case, as a moment's thought 

 will show. In the case of a graver burin, however, a vertical blow is dealt at 

 the point of the blade or flake down the length of the Implement, which is itself 

 held vertically. The resulting flake scar, which truncates the edge of the blade 

 or flake, Is known as the graver burin facet. Before accepting a graver as such, 

 therefore, it is necessary to be sure that there is at least one graver burin facet 

 present, the existence of which can be demonstrated or not according to the 

 position on the suspected facet of the negative bulb of percussion and the 

 surrounding rings. 



The classification of graver burins is a matter of some controversy. They 

 can be classified according to type, or they can be classified according to the 

 method of their manufacture. Neither of these systems is perfect, and indeed, the 

 student must always remember that he is not making rules for prehistoric man, 

 but deducing laws from facts. He is in the position of a grammarian, not the 

 inventor of a language. Though prehistoric man certainly seems from time to 

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