Pap. nI)^' 2^5T' JOHN H. KERR RESERVOIR BASIN MILLER 71 



chert specimen has been, physically changed to a soft yellowish color 

 as the result of chemical decomposition, owing to long exposure to sun 

 and weather action. Again, this is a factor that must be taken into 

 consideration regarding the age of this object. 



Pointed scrapers (pi. 20) , as the term denotes, are broad, thin flakes 

 of chert that have been retouched to a blunt point, not sharp enough 

 to serve as a graver, but may have served as one type of end-side 

 scraper. Scrapers of this type resemble certain lower Levallois types 

 of the Mousterian and La Gravette types of the Middle Aurignacian 

 (Garrod and Bate, 1937, p. 44) . The writer suspects that they are of 

 the most temporaiy nature, since they can be so easily made. Pointed 

 side scrapers generally have the tip at the bulb end of the blade, while 

 spurred end scrapers have the beveled surface opposite the bulb end 

 of the blade. 



Massive scrapers are considerably larger than corresponding inter- 

 mediate-sized scrapers, whose working surfaces may be rather abrupt 

 (steep) or gently sloping. The size depends strictly upon the size of 

 the flake that was utilized in making the tool. 



Snub-nosed scrapers (pi. 21) are subdivided into several subtypes, 

 a number of which are rather small and known as thumbnail scrapers. 

 These are usually thin to moderately thin in cross section, about the 

 size of a man's thumbnail, round or rectangular in outline, with the 

 working edge rather abrupt, and the chipping or retouching occurring 

 on either the working edge or around the adjoining edges, as well as 

 completely around the tool. Then, there are those that are roughly 

 keystone in shape, larger than the thumbnail type, and displaying 

 similar characteristics. Most are of the uniface, planoconvex type 

 with the flat dorsal surface showing little or no chipping and the 

 curved or flat ventral surface having just enough flakes removed, 

 mostly at the end containing the bulb of percussion, to give the im- 

 plement its characteristic shape. The broad end and the two adjoining 

 edges usually bear retouching by the pressure method, whereupon the 

 fine flaking produces the sharp scraping surfaces. Some are pro- 

 vided with additional graver points, which may occur as a single 

 feature at the juncture of the broad working surface and one edge or 

 comer, or they can occur on either corner of the scraping edge ; others 

 bear side notches or a slight stem suggesting that at one time these 

 particular tools were hafted. This type is very rare. 



Steep scrapers (pi. 22; fig. 6, c?, e) usually occur on very roughly 

 trinnned blocks or chunks of chert having one or more scraper edges, 

 which are oblique to the base of the tool. Flaking in these tools is 

 cruder since it is the result of percussion chipping or knapping. 

 Usually the working edges bear additional retouch scars in the form 

 of pressure chipping. On the whole they are rather large and most 

 are neatly retouched only on the working end. A few are retouched 



