74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



smooth surface ^Yas desired. One end is rounded and steep and shows 

 careful retouching, while other sides taper toward a pointed or squared 

 base. They range in size from 19 mm. to 39 mm. in length ; 15 mm. 

 to 42 mm. in width ; and 8 mm. to 17 mm. in thickness. 



Trajyezlfonn end scrapers (pi. 21, g; fig. 6, k^ p) are slightly con- 

 cave ventrally with flat dorsal surfaces. Most specimens have rather 

 steep edges fashioned by pressure chipping, but percussion chipping 

 does occur on some. They are trapezoidal in shape, and their wider 

 ends may be moderately rounded to rounded, while the lateral edges 

 tend to converge to a flattened or rounded butt. All display very fine 

 retouching. One specimen bears a number of well-controlled oblique 

 chip scars across the whole of the dorsal surface, which are exceed- 

 ingly shallow. These have not only reduced the thickness of the tool 

 but tended to flatten the dorsal surface. A number of scrapers in 

 this class have an extra accessory in that graver tips occur on either 

 side of the working surface or on a single side. Length varies from 

 31 mm. to 37 mm.; maximum width from 25 mm. to 35 mm.; and 

 thickness from 5 mm. to 7 mm. 



Keeled scrapers and trapezif orm scrapers have been associated with 

 the Aurignacian of Europe (Burkitt, Solas, and other European 

 authorities). Those found in southern Virginia could well fit into 

 the Old World assemblage without being out of place as far as shape 

 and form are concerned. In the American keeled scrapers there is a 

 close association with early food-gathering-hunting groups, as well 

 as with later cultures where hunting is one of their main cultural 

 traits, and with this in mind we cannot use such implements as cultural 

 markers. 



Triangular steep-sided end scrapers (fig. 6, f,r^o) occur whose ven- 

 tral surfaces are either flat or slightly concave, while the dorsal 

 surfaces are moderately flat to slightly keeled. The lateral edges have 

 been steeply retouched, making the whole roughly triangular in shape. 

 Specimens range in length from 22 mm. to 58 mm. ; in width from 16 

 mm. to 33 mm. ; and m thickness from 7 mm. to 8 mm. 



The ventral surface of the teardrop-shaped scrapers (fig. 6, j) is 

 exceedingly concave, while the excurvate dorsal surfaces have been 

 chipped into steep-sided, rounded keellike domes. The lateral edges 

 are slightly excurvate and finely retouched. Specimens range in 

 length from 42 mm. to 44 mm. ; in width from 26 mm. to 29 mm. ; and 

 in thickness from 8 mm. to 11 mm. 



Rectamgular steep-sided end scrapers (fig. 6, q) are ventrally flat 

 to slightly incurvate while the dorsal surface is either vertically flat 

 or retreats toward one of the lateral edges making the scraper re- 

 semble a slightly round-cornered right-angle triangle in cross section. 

 Opposing edges approximate the paiallel and have been steeply re- 

 touched up to the dorsal surface. Such tools present four working 



