78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



Rough flake side scrapers are, as a rule, simple, formless, broad 

 flakes with one or more edges retouched or chipped to create a tem- 

 porary tool. The size of the tool depends directly upon the size of the 

 flake that was chosen to be used. In some instances all of the edges 

 received either chipping or retouching to complete the type of tool 

 desired, while in other cases only sections of a single edge may have 

 received this treatment. A nmnber of the small, irregular-shaped 

 flakes were so chipped as to create a serrated edged tool, one that looks 

 as though the edges have been nibbled. 



Concave scrapers^ sometimes spoken of as "spokeshaves" (pi. 25, 

 a, &, /, g, k), have one or more concave-shaped working surfaces. 

 They are of no definite form, and many a thin flake as it was struck 

 from a core may have received an edge that is slightly concave. 

 Flakes of this type were taken, the dent increased, and the edges 

 chipped or retouched to make a scraper of this type. Similar artifacts 

 have not only been found in the Folsom industry but they occur as 

 well in the Lake Mohave industry. Strong recorded identical tools 

 from Signal Butte, while other students have recorded them as occur- 

 ring in Early Man and archaic sites as well. Blades of this type are 

 found not only in Early Man and archaic sites but they appear in 

 later cultural horizons as well. 



Roberts (1936 a, p. 24) noted what he called — 



A curious implement, the only one of its kind thus far found at the [Linden- 

 meier] site, is one which can be termed a core scraper (fig. 4). It was made 

 from a small core, not from a flake as were the majority of the tools. The long, 

 slender facets where chips were removed in the shaping process show that the 

 maker was possessed of great skill. Whether the object was the product of a bit 

 of experimental work or belongs to a definite, although minor, type is a question 

 which can be answered only by additional digging. If no other examples are 

 found in a comparable series of specimens, it unquestionably should be con- 

 sidered unique. Core scrapers have been found in parts of Alaska and in some 

 sections of Siberia. This implement is not correlative to the types from those 

 places, however, and it may be that in the last analysis it should be regarded 

 as an aberrant form of an end scraper or "snub-nosed" scraper. 



Earlier, de Mortillet (1881, pi. 45, No. 412) illustrated a larger and 

 better-made specimen of this same artifact, which he termed : "Ecra- 

 soir ou retouchoir." Just how these were supposed to have been used 

 was not explained in the text. 



During our survey and excavation of several sites in the John H. 

 Kerr Reservoir area, similar objects (pi. 47; p. 129), field specimens 

 Nos. 1238, 1751, 1783, 1784 (fig. 9), were recovered. All were fash- 

 ioned from what might have been cores or thick flakes whose entire 

 surfaces were completely worked into shape typical of the objects 

 described and illustrated by Roberts and de Mortillet. These objects 

 are oval in outline, lenticular in cross section, and very finely chipped 



