98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



curred in a layer stratigraphically beneath one containing Folsom 

 points (Hibben, 19-11). They are considered to be the oldest stone 

 projectile type found in America and are characterized as a crudely 

 made, simple lanceolate-shaped blade with a single weak shoulder, 

 lenticular in cross section, and moderately thick, displaying numerous 

 hinge fractures due to a rapping technique rather than to pressure or 

 percussion flaking, terminating in a rounded or subrounded base. 

 "Sandia cave men were dated at around 25,000 B.C." and were found 

 in context with associated sloth and mammoth (Hibben, 1946, p. 149). 



A type 1 Sandia point was reported from a Paleo-American site 

 in Jefferson County, Ala., and illustrated by Kleine (1953) and Lewis 

 (195-1). This point, when submitted to Drs. Koberts and Hibben for 

 examination, was declared to closely resemble the type specimen found 

 in New Mexico. Dr. Eoberts has been quoted as saying : "It is one of 

 the best specimens to be reported from outside of the cave itself" 

 (Lewis, 1954, p. 26). 



With Sandia type 1 points in Alabama and Virginia and both re- 

 ported from open sites, it would appear to indicate that Sandia man 

 may have lived and hunted extmct f amia in the East before the makers 

 of Clovis type points came into this section of the United States. 



The Clovis foint^ the earliest of the true fluted types, was first found 

 associated with the remains of extinct mammoth near Clovis, N. Mex., 

 and to underlie the classic Folsom fluted. It has been demonstrated to 

 be older than the Folsom fluted (Sellards, 1952). Its chipping is 

 less refined and varies in length from '3 to 41/^ inches, is somewhat 

 thicker than the Folsom, and the central flutes seldom extend the en- 

 tire length of the blade. The widest part of the blade is about the 

 middle and contracts slightly toward the base, which is less concave 

 than the classic Folsom. These points lack the slight projection in 

 the center of the base commonly called the "striking platform," which 

 is present in the Folsom. 



Sandia cave and Clovis men probably hunted the mammoth as their 

 chief source of food but they did not pass up an occasional bison, 

 camel, or horse. Haury (1953) has demonstrated that there is quite a 

 size variation in this projectile type and that chipping features are not 

 uniform, indicating a lack of standardization, which has heretofore 

 been taken for granted. Besides the projectile points, certainly other 

 tools were used for slaughtering purposes, whicli were demonstrated 

 in Mexico by Aveleyra and Maldonado-Koerdell (1953, pp. 332-340, 

 fig. 105). None were found during the sui'vey or excavations but 

 they do occur elsewhere in this section of Virginia and North Caro- 

 lina. 



The classic Folsom^ thought at one time to belong to the earliest of 

 Early Man in America, is younger than either the Sandia or the 

 Clovis type. It varies in length from 1^4 to 21/4 inches; the flutes 



