136 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



they were derived a great deal easier. Among the various animals 

 identified are: Ursus americanus (American black bear), Cmtor 

 canadensis (beaver), Odocoileus virginianus (Virginia white-tailed 

 deer), members of the Anatidae family (ducks), w^apiti (elk), Uro- 

 eyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox) , fishes of various types, various types 

 of the group Chelonia (turtle), Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), DUel- 

 phis virginiana (opossum), Procyon lator (raccoon), Lepus -fior- 

 idanm, and other members of the rabbit group, as well as squirrels 

 and birds. 



Bone beamers or drawshaves (fig. 42, h; pi. 69, a, d) were made 

 from the metapodial bone of deer and elk ; awls were made from either 

 whole cannon bones, ulnae, or splintered bones of deer and elk, from 

 turkey tarsometatarsi, jaw bones of garfish, large fishbones, and splin- 

 tered bird bones; needles (pi. 69, a; h) were fashioned from sections 

 of ribs of elk and deer; fleshers came from ulnae and antlers of deer 

 (pi. 69, a) ; fishhooks were manufactured from toe bones and splin- 

 ters of larger bones of deer (pi. 70, Ji^k) ; antlers gave flakers (pi. 69, 

 a, e), punches, socketed points, and drifts; beads and tubes were made 

 from the hollow bones of turkey, other birds, and possibly a number of 

 the small mammals; perforated deer phalanges (pi. 70) were present; 

 beaver incisors were split and used as chisels ; canine teeth were pierced 

 and used as either beads or single pendants; turtle carapaces were 

 fashioned into spoons, dishes, rattles, and used as totemic emblems 

 (pi. 70, m-^) ; plastron fragments were perforated as pendants (fig. 

 40, g) ; deer toe bones were cut, hollowed out, and pointed to serve as 

 projectile tips (fig. 43) ; some awls have spatulate points (fig. 35 c, d) ; 

 and the penes of raccoon and bear (fig. 35, e) were used as implements 

 or showed evidence of having been used by human beings. 



Bone beamers which had either worn through or broken may have 

 been later modified into awls, punches, or used as fleshing tools. Such 

 bones are heavier and sturdier, and only a small amount of labor 

 would be necessary to convert the beamer sections into these tools. 

 Splintered bone awls varied in overall length from 2.5 cm. to 16 cm. ; 

 a few were well finished but the majority still retained the sharp 

 surfaces of the broken bone, for no attempts were made either to 

 round off the edges or to shape the bone into a completed tool. No 

 double-pointed awls were present. 



Bone fishhooks (pi. 70, d-f) are of the unbarbed type. They 

 were made either from fractured leg bone sections or from toe bones 

 of deer by scraping until a central open space was produced, then by 

 cutting this loop open, and finally by pointing one of the tines and 

 encircling the other with a shallow groove to form a slight knob for 

 the attachment of the cord. Webb and De Jarnette (1952, pi. 221-1) 

 illustrate the progressive steps in the manufacture of fishhooks from 

 the toe bones of deer, including all steps from the unaltered toe bone 



