pip. N*o^' 2lY" JOHN H. KERR RESERVOIR BASIN — MILLER 189 



Beads of tliis type are common in most Iroqiioian and Fort Ancient 

 sites. 



Various bones from the wings of turkeys and the mandibles of small 

 rodents, such as squirrels and rabbits, were perforated and strung to 

 form one typo of neck ornament (pi. 71, e). These dangling pendant 

 bones formed a type of "clioker" or close-fitting necklace around the 

 neck of an adult male. 



Perforated deer phalanges are common not only in the Clarksville 

 site but in Iroquois sites as well. Flattened phalanges and those 

 rubbed to a pyramidal shape are present almost exclusively in Iro- 

 quoian areas, particularly in the northeastern sector (Griffin, 1943, 

 p. 234). Parker and Wintemberg have suggested that some of the 

 worked phalangeal bones may have been used as whistles. 



The incisor of the beaver, cut at the roots, was used as a chisel or 

 scraper. Such implements also occur in Iroquoian and Fort Ancient 

 sites as well as in many of the Woodland components. In both areas 

 similar use was made of animal teeth, particularly those of canines, 

 for necklaces and pendants (pi. 71, a) . 



Some awls have flattened, spatula-type points while others, which 

 are fairly common, were made from turkey metatarsals. A few were 

 notched along the marginal supporting bone splints extending along 

 the hypotarsus. Split parts of turkey leg bones were not often used. 

 The ulnae and fibulae of small mammals were shaped to form sharp- 

 pointed awls, the heads of the bones remaining intact. Awls of the 

 same general type were made from the bones of larger animals such 

 as deer and elk. When a beamer broke in the central part of the 

 shaft, the shaved ends needed only to be sharpened to provide a strong, 

 heavy-duty awl or gouge. 



Needles were made from the rib bones or small leg bones and in 

 cross section are flat; the heads are but slightly enlarged and have 

 circular eyes. 



A single specimen of deer vertebra (pi. 68, h) and a hiunan ulna 

 (pi. 68, a) were pierced with small, triangular, white quartz points. 

 The medullary cavity of the deer's vertebra was entered by the point 

 partially severing the medulla oblongata, or spinal cord, bringing 

 immediate paralysis to the animal which probably was soon dis- 

 patched by the Indian hunter. The right ulna of an adult male con- 

 tained the tip portion of another small, triangular, white quartz point 

 a short distance above the elbow. This is firmly lodged within the 

 bone. Since there was no calcareous formation around the wound we 

 can assume that the individual did not live long after receiving the 

 wound. 



