pip ^0.' 2IT JOHN H. KERR RESERVOIR BASIN — MILLER 195 



The following foreign shells were identified by Dr. Morrison: 



OUva sayana (Ravenel) 

 Busycon carica (Gmelin) 

 Busycon contrariutn (Conrad) 

 Scrprelid worm tube (?) marine 



The marginella is a local variety identified as Pnmum limatula 

 (Conrad). These were used widely as ornaments or attached to 

 various articles of clothing. 



Various pockets of shells were located that contained not only 

 Oxytrema symmetrica (Haldeman), Gampeloma decisum (Say), Oxy- 

 trema catenaria dislocata (Reeve), but hundreds of Elliptio com- 

 planatus (Solander), Gampeloma rufum (Haldeman), Lioplax sub- 

 carinata (Say), Oxytrema virginica (Gmelin), and Mudalia carinata 

 procissa (Anthony), which is the heavily ridged form of Mudalia 

 carinata variabilis (Lea). Incidental inclusions consist of Triodop- 

 sis albolahris (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say), Triodopsis fallox 

 (Say), Anguispira alternata (Say), Mudalia carinata variabilis 

 (Lea), Gampeloma decisum (Say), Hawaiia minuscula (Binnay), 

 Mesodon thyroidus (Say), Triodopsis albolabis (Say), and Mesom- 

 plinx cupreus (Rafinesque). Many of these incidental inclusions oc- 

 curred in direct association with both human and animal bones. 

 Whether this denotes that the holes were open sufficiently long for 

 these shell-bearing animals to creep into the holes or that they worked 

 their way downward seeking the calcium from the bones is not known. 



Many of these same shells appeared in the fill of the following mid- 

 den pits: Features 2, 7, 8, 9, 23, 29, 30, 43, 53, 59, 73; in the grave fill 

 of Burials 55, 75, and 76 ; as well as in the general midden layer of 

 the 30-foot square area excavated. 



OBJECTS OF STONE 



Stone was not extensively used in the Clarksville site. In most 

 instances, chiefly as hammerstones and abraders, rough natural stones 

 were utilized which fitted the purpose at hand. Some hammerstones 

 were pecked and shaped, having either plain surfaces, a single pit on 

 one surface, or pits on opposing surfaces, which may have served as 

 thumb and finger holds. Usually, a quartz, quartzite, or chert nodule, 

 or some other type of hardhead, was used for shaping. Hammer- 

 stones vary in size and weight. Weight ranges from 4 ounces to 2 

 pounds 8 ounces. Some are badly battered at both ends, while others 

 show only a single working surface. 



Digging tools (pi. 77, n), which may have been either spades or 

 hoes, are flat, elliptical, or roughly rectangular in outline with rounded 

 corners. Such tools were shaped by percussion chipping from sheets 

 of shale, limestone, slate, and other tough stones that naturally break 

 off in flat sheets. The working edge was later altered by finer chip- 



