222 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



Applying the size criterion to the Clarksville beans, it is apparent 

 that they fall well within the size range of an average garden variety 

 as established by Freeman. 



Maize and beans, and probably other horticultural products, could 

 possibly have been introduced into this section of the eastern coast by 

 way of the Gilmore Corridor from Central America and Mexico. It 

 is possible that com, as well as garden beans, first came into the 

 Southwest and finally spread eastward into this section of Virginia 

 and North Carolina. If this be true, then these same products would 

 have to be much later in the Southeast than those dated by means of 

 radiocarbon techniques in the Southwest. 



All the nuts listed are indigenous to this section of the country and 

 are available in season. Many of the early settlers tell of the various 

 uses the Indians made of nuts. Since this aspect is rather well known, 

 it is deemed wise not to elaborate upon this subject here. 



TRAITS 



The majority of the traits listed are characteristic of the broad 

 "Woodland (Algonquian) Pattern which occupied the eastern section 

 of the United States from Maine to parts of South Carolina. Burial 

 types, which are many, show a slow progression from the flexed to the 

 extended, with bundle burial and cremation practices coming into the 

 picture at a rather late date. Notable for their absence are the burial 

 mound and the prepared tomb. In no instance were they found with- 

 in the confines of the basin. Burials were never segregated. They 

 occur beneath the floors of houses, beside houses, in oval and round 

 graves, and in midden pits ; some were even placed upon midden heaps 

 and the midden was scooped over the remains. While burial offerings 

 were rare they did occur in a number of instances. Whenever pres- 

 ent, the individual was dressed in very elaborate bead-embroidered 

 costume. Such costumes consisted of armbands, which extended from 

 the wrists to the elbows, jackets like the modem bolero, kilts, breech- 

 cloths, and occasionally a shell-covered band worn below the knees. 



With a number of the burials was the carapace of the box turtle 

 left to indicate the totem to which the individual belonged. Only in 

 extremely rare instances were these carapaces utilized as containers. 

 Usually the carapace was placed on its base beside the body. This 

 trait is the first positive proof that certain animals were chosen to 

 represent clan affiliations in the prehistoric Southeast. 



Most tools were very crudely made. Among the better made tools 

 were adzes and a single pierced discoidal. Stone tools were not numer- 

 ous but there were plenty to meet daily needs. Projectile points were 

 made for specific purposes from flakes. These flakes were struck 

 from a core at random without a fixed striking surface. The core 



