P^' N^f' 2^5Y" JO™^ ^- I^ERR RESERVOIR BASIN MILLER 223 



was turned around and around between blows to find tlie likeliest 

 surface for the next one. This procedure produced a very low per- 

 centage of usable flakes and their shape was unpredictable, thus neces- 

 sitating much retouching to convert them into the desired tools. These 

 flakes were retouched by either carefully directed blows or by the use 

 of pressure from wood, bone, or antler tools. Similar flakes were con- 

 verted into tools other than projectile points, such as knives, scrapers, 

 and drills. 



Point and drill types constitute a cultural assemblage. The basic 

 point type in the upper levels is the small isosceles form with varying 

 base treatment; the serrated point represents the very latest form 

 derived from the early Late Woodland. All triangular points are 

 rather widespread. Smaller forms were found in association with 

 various notched and stemmed varieties usually associated with Al- 

 gonquian cultural groupings. These are found throughout the 

 Algonquian area although geographical peculiarities occur in special 

 sites. The same holds true for the larger blades ; the whole of the 

 stone industry is concretely diagnostic, in a specific cultural com- 

 parison, with most of the Middle and early Late Woodland. 



Hammerstones are not particularly diagnostic in that the types 

 are ubiquitous in all Indian cultures. 



Mortars are derived from large flat slabs in which a central shallow 

 depression has been worked sufficiently large to accommodate a small 

 discoidal-shaped mano or muller. The mano was used as a rubbing 

 stone rather than a pounding stone ; hence a grinding action is indi- 

 cated. Neither of these tools is very diagnostic of a particular time 

 for they occur in the Archaic as well as in the later Woodland cultures. 



Hoes are crude, being shaped from thin sections of slate or from 

 chert or rhyolite. Those fashioned from either chert or rhyolite can 

 be distinguished from choppers only by the gloss acquired through 

 use along the working section of the blade. 



Celts of the typical Woodland type are present, but no complete 

 specimen was found. Usually only the poll end was found which had 

 been broken off from the blade section. From these fragments we 

 were able to determine that celts were rather large in size, round to 

 oval in cross section, and bluntly pointed at the polls. The true celt 

 did not make its appearance in the Archaic but with pottery making. 



Adzes, on the other hand, while rare, are very diagnostic. Those 

 that were found were of the planoconvex type with either a single 

 or a double cutting blade. These are typical of early Algonquian 

 culture. 



It is next to impossible to point out typical diagnostic types of 

 bone artifacts, for, because there are only a few basic type forms 

 which can appear, the same series are to be found not only at this 



568192—62 16 



