224 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



site but in other sites of different time horizons and cultural affiliations. 

 All cultures made use of split bone, whole bone, and altered bone awls, 

 needles, flakers, chisels, and at some time or another bone and antler 

 projectile points, beamers, fleshers, etc.; the basic form is the same 

 wherever found. To assign cultural affinity to these objects, whether 

 Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskhogean, etc., is to indicate traits which 

 can not rightfully be said to belong to any one assemblage of artifacts 

 associated with a peculiar ethnic affinity. Similar bone awls have been 

 described as belonging to the Iroquoian group, to Fort Ancient cul- 

 tural sites, to Mississippian cultures of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ala- 

 bama, and to various Woodland sites in New York and the New 

 England groups. The same can be said about bone beamers or spoke- 

 shaves, chisels, needles, flakers of both the long and short varieties, 

 beaver tooth chisels, fishhooks, and bone beads. All have rather wide 

 distribution. 



Objects made of shell, such as beads and pendants, are in about 

 the same class. Busycon sp., Marginella^ Olivella^ and Oliva are 

 some of the types which were widely dispersed. Various types of 

 beads were made from these shells. Circular pendants with a single 

 central perforation, two marginal perforations, or unperforated, 

 made from the Busycon^ are ubiquitous in the late Middle Woodland 

 and early Late Woodland cultures. Like most late sites, shell was 

 used quite freely as trim on garments and as bodily ornamentation. 



In only one instance were drilled elk teeth used as pendants. These 

 were used in combination with small shell disk-shaped beads in a 

 necklace. 



Drilled canine teeth of dog, fox, and possibly the gray wolf were 

 utilized as beads and pendants. 



Various types of pipes were recovered. The most common form is 

 the typical Woodland elbow pipe which, originating from a small 

 tube with a very small bowl, evolved into a well-formed elbow type 

 with a fairly large bowl. These were made from either clay or steatite 

 as illustrated in plate 62. Zoomorphic forms were recovered through 

 the action of the bulldozer (pi. 63, a^ e). A small rabbit-shaped pipe 

 was made from a block of steatite. Wliat might be called a "frog" was 

 modeled from clay. Since the bulldozer pushed these out of the site 

 we do not know their provenience. Both of these forms are illustrated 

 in plate 63. The elbow forms appear to be related to what McGuire 

 terms the Atlantic Coastal forms. A number of the stem forms comply 

 closely with the Southern Mound types in that there is an enlarged 

 band at the end of the stem. 



The major significant ceramic features characteristic of the pottery 

 from the various sites are limited to the universal choice of an aplastic, 

 the distinctive vessel form, and the overall surface treatment. At- 



