250 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



would take the cannon bones of deer, elk, and fox and after battering 

 off one end they would leave the articulative surface on the other end 

 and change the damaged portion into awls. These were always care- 

 fully finished tools. 



Bodkins (pi. 91, /), on the other hand, were rather well made. 

 They were fashioned from the rib bones of deer or elk. They were 

 roughly triangular in outline with an expanded perforated base. In 

 some instances the outer margin or margins bear slight grooves in the 

 way of decoration. Both awls and bodkins are illustrated in plate 

 91, e-h. 



We found a number of heaver incisors which were split and used 

 as chisels. 



Antler tines from both the deer and elk were converted into flaking 

 tools. We found that tines from the brow, bay, and the royal antlers 

 were severed from the main branch and were used for these tools. It 

 was only seldom that we found that the sur-royal or crown tines were 

 used. 



Plate 91, «, 5, shows both an unaltered deer's mandible and one that 

 had been cut, ground, and perforated. The cut jaw was recovered 

 from the general midden area so that we camiot positively designate 

 its cultural provenience with respect to the other material cultural 

 remains. We were not as fortunate as Dr. Webb (1928, p. 275), who 

 found the remains of an aged adult male bearing a headdress of 12 

 cut animal jaws arranged in a double row around his head. Webb 

 made no attempt to interpret his find. 



On the lower left-hand portion of the cut deer\^ jaw from the Tolli- 

 fero site there is a perforation which only went through the outer 

 bony portion leaving the imier section untouched. At the base of the 

 ascending ramus there is another perforation which had worn tlirough. 

 This indicates another point of suspension. Both holes were a means 

 of attachment; whether worn suspended as a gorget, in which case 

 the teeth hung downward, or attached to a headdress of some sort 

 cannot be determined, since we found no other worked specimens in 

 any of the other sites investigated within the reservoir basin. We 

 have found deer jaws which were partially roughed out in preparation 

 for shaping into objects of this sort, but, outside of the single finished 

 product, none were completed. 



The carapace of Terrapene Carolina was used for a number of pur- 

 poses. Some were converted into scoops or handleless ladles, as illus- 

 trated in plate 91, c; others served as containers or dishes (pi. 91, d) ; 

 others were converted into rattles; while the majority were probably 

 used religiously as totemic symbols, since they were inserted into the 

 graves in such a position that they could not possibly have served as 

 containers or receptacles. A number of Pseudemys ruhiventrls cara- 



