296 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



worked for long periods of time, it is not too hard to explain the pres- 

 ence of this iron material. 



Within colonial days this part of the two States was owned by large 

 property holders who had their own blacksmiths and forges. These 

 early blacksmiths knew how to reduce the local low-grade iron ores 

 into metallic iron which m turn was used in their forges to replace 

 wornout iron objects or to mend broken ones. Forges were portable 

 and were moved about the farm as necessity demanded so that their 

 stay in any one place was short lived. Upon the completion of a job 

 a great bit of the scrap metal and the forge clinkers were dumped 

 before the forge could be moved to its next assignment. Over periods 

 of years these dump areas would multiply and it is highly unlikely 

 that a smith would use the same dump area twice deliberately, thus ac- 

 counting for the fairly large number of these areas concentrated about 

 old Abbeville Mill. 



SUMJSIAEY 



Evidence gathered during the River Basin Surveys' reconnaissance 

 and excavation activities in the John H. Kerr Reservoir basin would 

 indicate that there are two broad, general, cultural horizons present : 

 (1) an extremely early prepottery culture characterized by the eastern 

 variant of a fluted point industry, an aspect of the Paleo-Indian as 

 distinguished from the true Folsom, as discovered in the western part 

 of the United States; and variants of other early forms exemplified by 

 a number of projectile types whose configurations closely resemble the 

 Gypsum Cave, Manzano, Elys Ford Pentagonal, Pinto Basin, and 

 others which developed into the typical eastern Archaic; and (2) a 

 later Neo-Indian pottery-making group, mainly Woodland in char- 

 acter. 



A mass of literature dealing with the evidence of a Paleo-Indian 

 culture in North America has been piling up in the past few years. 

 Most of this is based on arti factual evidence alone, some of which was 

 found in sites within well recognized geological levels or strata and in 

 association with extinct f aunal remains. 



The evidence we found of the Paleo-Indian groups within the con- 

 fines of the John H. Kerr (Buggs Island) Reservoir basin is based 

 upon surface indications which have eroded out of original context 

 and been redeposited on the surface along with much later cultural 

 material. 



It has been taken for granted that the Paleo-Indian was a hunter 

 who arrived in the New World sometime either within the glacial or 

 early post-glacial period, that he manufactured a number of charac- 

 teristic stone implements which are diagnostic of his culture, that he 

 was nomadic by nature and depended upon the large herbivores as the 



