330 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



of life. Miller assigns the Tollifero site to either the Late 

 Archaic or Early Woodland, suggesting that it was occupied at some- 

 time between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 500. The Clarksville site was 

 apparently occupied during Middle to Terminal Woodland times, or, 

 sometime between A.D. 800 and 1630. The Tollifero house, as stated 

 above, was built directly over the site to which it gives its name. 

 Associated with this construction, there were pipe lines, refuse pits, 

 and other excavations which disturbed the imderlying deposits. Al- 

 though the Clarksville and Tollifero peoples undoubtedly contributed 

 the majority of the skeletal remains found in this area, occasional 

 burials may antedate or follow these major occupations. Among 

 those recorded as living in the area later by Lederer (1958) and others, 

 were the Occaneechi themselves, together with the Sapelo, Tutelo, and 

 others. Purely for convenience, when the terra "Occaneechi" is used 

 in this report it refei-s to the Clarksville and Tollifero peoples only, 

 in distinction to groups living in other areas, and not to the liistorical 

 Occaneechi tribe itself. 



Chronological and cultural differences, such as those separating the 

 Tollifero and Clarksville sites, are, in the Southeastern United States, 

 often accompanied by physical differences in the peoples occupying 

 tiiem. It has been said, for example that the earlier peoples were 

 more longheaded than the later peoples in the Southeastern United 

 States. Do such differences distinguish the populations at these two 

 sites? Are there, perhaps, other differences in the skeletal remains — 

 evidences of pathology, deformation, or injuries — attributable to dif- 

 ferences in diet, or way of life ? Do the bones themselves tell anything 

 of changes in burial customs? Finally, is there skeletal evidence at 

 the Clarksville site for European contact? It is known that Lederer 

 visited "Ocaneechee" villages in 1670 (Lederer, 1958) ; was this one of 

 them? Or were there earlier contacts with Europeans by way of the 

 Eoanoke River? Was the site abandoned before the arrival of the 

 first Europeans in the area, or, despite the absence of trade goods, did 

 it survive, for a while after their coming ? Is there any skeletal evi- 

 dence of the immigration of Indians of other tribes, as recorded by 

 early writers for tliis area (S wanton, 1946) ? To answer these ques- 

 tions, we will compare the two populations at these geographically 

 adjacent sites, first with each other, and then with appropriate South- 

 eastern skeletal series, to see what differences exist, and then, in the 

 light of what is known historically, to attempt to interpret these 

 differences. 



MATERIALS AND METHODS 



The Clarksville site, as Miller designated site Mcl4, was excavated 

 during the summer of 1950. This work was of an emergency nature, 

 as heavy earth-moving equipment was already cutting into the site. 



