Hoyme and Bass] SKELETAL REMAINS 333 



that the cranial and long bone measurements deviate only a millimeter 

 or two from those obtained by Hrdlicka's techniques (1952). Thus 

 for all practical purposes, it can be stated that most of the cranial 

 measurements were taken by Hrdlicka's methods, using sliding or 

 spreading calipers. Long bone measurements were taken with the 

 osteometric board ; all lengths are maximum, unless otherwise stated ; 

 tibial midshaft diameters are maximum and minimum. Most of the 

 measurements were taken by Bass; a few supplementaiy measure- 

 ments taken by Hoyme have been included. 



Taking X-rays of selected long bones, to obtain a clearer idea of 

 the nature of the pathological changes present, was the final step in 

 the examination of the Occaneechi bones. Except for a few appar- 

 ently normal bones for comparison, X-rays were restricted to skeletons 

 which showed some external evidence of pathology. In skeletons in 

 which the skull showed traces of osteoporosis, anteroposterior and 

 lateral X-rays of all long bones were examined for lines of arrested 

 growth, deviations from normal in thickness and density of cortex, 

 or other evidence of disturbance in growth. Skeletons in which one 

 or more bones showed localized swellings and abnormalities in shape 

 of shaft or in cortical structure presented a slightly different problem. 

 Here the objective was to determine the extent and nature of the 

 structural alterations in the immediate vicinity of the visible lesions, 

 and whether the other bones of the skeleton showed structural changes 

 despite their apparently normal appearance. In these cases all the 

 long bones were laid out for anteroposterior and lateral views, and 

 the pathological bones were rotated slightly where necessary to obtain 

 tangential and vertical views of the lesions. All the films were made 

 in the Division of Physical Anthropology at 65 KV, with a tube-film 

 distance of 30 inches, at 10 ]\1A, varying time so as to avoid over- 

 exposure of the thinner bones. After uniform processing, the films 

 and bones were examined together, to determine the extent, location, 

 and nature of the changes in the thickness and density of the cortex, 

 and whether or not the form and structure of the medullary cavity 

 had been altered. (Since most of the bones which appeared normal 

 superficially or showed only changes in surface texture appeared nor- 

 mal radiologically, it did not seem practical to X-ray the remaining 

 "normal" bones in the series on the off chance of finding hidden 

 evidence of pathology.) After this preliminary examination, the 

 films and a selection of the bones were examined by two pathologists 

 with long experience in clinical and dry-bone osteopathology. Their 

 comments and interpretations have been of considerable value in 

 preparing both the descriptions of the individual skeletons and the 

 section on "Health and Disease." 



In the descriptions that follow, it should be noted that not all 



