FEWKES] NAVAHO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA ES 
the roof of the first room and the cave wall forms its rear. This 
room was probably a ceremonial chamber, having a fire-hole in the 
floor, between which and the doorway is a low wall of masonry cor- 
responding to the deflector, or altar, in Mesa Verde ruins.? The 
part of the floor on which one steps in entering this room is raised 
slightly above the remainder, serving to connect the base of the 
deflector with the doorsill. The deflector and fire-hole are practi- 
cally duplicates of features common to several Cliff Palace kivas. 
At Betatakin, however, the ceremonial room is above ground, not 
subterranean, and is entered from the side instead of from the top. 
A two-story room stands on the rock one tier higher than the cere- 
monial room just mentioned, its foundation being at the level of the 
roof of the ceremonial room, as shown in the illustration. The front 
wall of this room is more or less broken down, but on one side, where 
projecting rafters are found in place, the masonry, otherwise unbroken, 
is pierced by a small window. This room has also a door on the side. 
Several well-preserved rooms extend along a ledge of rock on the 
same level as the roofs of these buildings, forming another tier above 
the ceremonial room. One of these has a fine roof; ends of rafters 
extend from the walls. 
Beyond the ceremonial room, on the side where the ruin is most 
dilapidated, may be noted the same arrangement of the rooms in tiers 
or terraces, brought about by the varying height of their foundations. 
Several walls in these rooms are in good condition, but the fronts of 
many are broken down. Here are found rows of sticks or supports 
projecting from the débris. The walls are almost invariably of stone; 
those supported by sticks are usually connecting walls. The roofs of 
some of these rooms are entire, but many are broken, although their 
rafters still remain in place. 
The whole length of Betatakin is not far from 600 feet, following 
the foundations from one end to the other. There are not far from 
100 rooms visible, and evidences of others covered with débris. The 
larger of the two rooms identified as ceremonial rooms on account 
of their deflectors, measures 10 by 7 feet and is about 5 feet high; 
the smaller is about 7 feet square. There are no vertical ventilators 
as in circular kivas, the smoke evidently finding egress through a 
small hole in the roof. The floor of one of these ceremonial rooms 
was cut in the solid rock. 
a Although circular kivas are found in several ruins in the Navaho National Monument, as Kitsiel, 
Inscription House, Scaffold House, and others, they were not seen in Betatakin, which has the rectangular 
ceremonial room with side entrance above mentioned. Although such rooms possess some of the features 
of kivas,it is perhaps better to restrict that term to the circular chambers and adopt the word kihu to 
designate the rectangular rooms above ground. The ceremonial chambers of Betatakin suggest the Flute 
room at Walpi. This fact and the discovery ofa flute in one of the rooms make it appear that Betatakin 
was inhabited by Flute clans, which, according to Hopi legends, lived in this region. 
