PEWKES] NAVAHO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA 17 
down the cliff and its component stones are to be found in the talus 
below. 
It is difficult to discover how many rooms this great cliff-house 
formerly had, but there is little doubt that they numbered more than 
150, besides the kivas. This ruin is believed to be one of the largest 
known cliff-dwellings of the Southwest, ranking in size the Cliff 
Palace in the Mesa Verde, which it does not rival, however, in variety 
of architectural features. The masonry in Kitsiel is inferior to that 
in the Spruce-tree House and the Balcony House, the walls of which 
show the highest aboriginal achievement in stonework north of 
Mexico.” 
The walled inclosures of Kitsiel are reducible to a few types of 
which the following may be distinguished: 
(1) Kivas, or circular subterranean rooms with a large banquette 
on one side, the walls being generally broken down and without 
pilasters or roof-supports. 
(2) Kihus, or rectangular rooms with doors on one side, each hav- 
ing a low bank, or “deflector,” rising from the floor between the 
doorway and the fire-hole. Instead of this bank being free from the 
wall, as at Betatakin, it is generally joined to it on one side, the floor 
at the point of junction being raised slightly above the remaining 
level. Smoke-holes are sometimes, but not always, present in the 
roof. These rooms, like the circular rooms, are ceremonial in char- 
acter. The only opening in their floors that can be compared with 
the ceremonial aperture, or sipapu, is a shallow depression a few 
inches deep. The diameters of these openings are greater than in 
the case of the sipapus in Cliff Palace kivas. 
(3) Rectangular rooms, some of which have benches and show 
evidence of having been living rooms. 
(4) Large rooms each with a fireplace in the middle of the floor. 
(5) Rooms with metates set in bins made of stone slabs (milling 
rooms). 
(6) Courts and streets. The longest street extends from the mid- 
dle of the ruin to the western end and is lined on both sides by rooms 
many of the roofs of which are still intact. 
An instructive architectural feature of some of the rooms of this 
ruin is the use of upright logs in supporting corners. Part of the roof 
of one of these rooms situated deep in the cave is formed by the nat- 
ural rock and the remainder by an artificial covering supported by 
upright logs forked at the end to receive the rafters. 
9 The two ruins Kitsieland Betatakin are those about which extravagant statements as to size and char- 
actel were made about two years ago by newspapers and otherwise reliable magazines. 
