FRWKES] — NAVAHO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA 23 
leaving very little space behind them for refuse or fallen débris. This 
latter feature, due to the geological character of the caves, is also 
prominent in the cliff-dwellings of the Red Rock country, at the head- 
waters of the Verde and its tributaries, and is likewise found in a few 
cliff-houses of the Gila visited by the writer. From one point of view 
the use of the wall or walls of the cave as house-walls marks a typical 
form of cliff-dwelling, or a dependent village, distinguished from a 
cliff-dwelling like Cliff Palace, the walls of which are independent or 
free on all sides from the cliffs.¢ 
The masonry of the Navaho Monument ruins is crude as compared 
with that found in the ruins of the Mesa Verde National Park, and 
walls made of adobe supported by upright sticks are more numerous. 
The character of the masonry may be due in part to the slab-like char- 
acter of the building stones, and possibly to their greater hardness. 
The relative predominance of adobe walls supported by upright 
sticks was fostered by the ease with which they could be constructed 
and the quantity of clay available for building purposes. Comparison 
of the masonry of ruins in the Navaho Monument with that of the 
Black Falls region shows a resemblance much greater than that exist- 
ing between either group and the cliff-houses of the Mesa Verde 
region. 
There is no architectural feature in Southwestern ruins more dis- 
tinctive than the ceremonial rooms, or kivas, but as these have never 
been recognized throughout a large area of Arizona, it is important 
to determine the character of the ceremonial rooms of the Navaho 
Monument ruins and to compare them with kivas at present used by 
the Hopi. 
While as a rule there is great similarity in secular rooms in different 
culture areas of the Southwest, the more archaic ceremonial rooms of 
these regions vary considerably. The rooms ordinarily called kivas 
are of two distinct types, circular and rectangular. There are two 
kinds of circular kivas,’ one having pilasters and banquettes to sup- 
port the roof, the other without pilasters, apparently roofless, but 
surrounded by high walls as if for the purpose of obscuring the view 
from neighboring plazas. The circular kivas commonly do not form a 
part of the house mass, being separated some distance from the secular 
rooms. From all that can be learned it appears that the round kiva 
is an ancient type, its position in the rear of the cave in such cliff- 
dwellings as Spruce-tree House and Cliff Palace indicating that this 
form is as old as the building itself. The circular type, with pilasters, 
is confined wholly to the eastern region, having been reported from 
the Mesa Verde, the San Juan and many of its tributaries, Chaco 
a Of course some of the rooms in Cliff Palace, especially those at the western extension of the northern 
end, are dependent, the cliff forming their rear wails. 
> Both kinds of circular kivas are found in the cliff-ruins at Casa Blanca and in Mummy Cave in the 
Canyon de Chelly. 
44453°—Bull. 50—11——3 
