24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 50 
canyon, and certain ruins west of the Rio Grande. Circular kivas 
somewhat modified are found also in many of the Rio Grande pueblos, 
where they are still in use. A subtype of circular kivas without 
pilasters but provided each with one large banquette is the common 
form of circular ceremonial room in the Navaho National Monument 
and the Canyon de Chelly. The modern representative of this sub- 
type is the Snake kiva of the Hopi, which has become rectangular, 
the large banquette (fwwibi, pl. 14) being modified into the ‘“specta- 
tors,” or elevated surface of the floor. 
The corresponding ceremonial rooms at Zufi and in the prehistoric 
Hopi pueblos are rectangular in form and of simpler architecture. 
Similarly shaped ceremonial rooms, not subterranean, are still 
in use in modern Hopi pueblos. As a good example -of this 
archaic form of ceremonial room at Walpi may be mentioned that 
in which the Flute altar is erected and in which the Flute secret 
rites are performed.? This ancestral room of the clan is a rectangular 
chamber forming part of the second floor, and is entered from one 
side. The Flute clans came from a pueblo, now a ruin, in the north, 
but after union with the Ala, who lived at Tokénabi, they settled at 
the Snake pueblo, Walpi. So it may be supposed that their ancestors 
also had no special kiva, but celebrated their secret rites in an 
ordinary house. 
The fraternity of Sun priests likewise erect their altar and perform 
their secret ceremonies in a room, not in a kiva; so do the Kalektaka, 
or warriors. None of these rooms is commonly regarded or enumer- 
ated asa kiva, but such chambers are believed to be the direct repre- 
sentatives of the ceremonial rooms built above ground as a part of 
the house, in the manner more chars acteristic of eel rooms in 
Arizona ruins. 
The ruins in the Navaho Monument have ceremonial rooms allied 
on one side to the kivas of the San Juan region, and on the other to 
rooms in the Little Colorado ruins that may have been built for 
ceremonial use. The latter are constructed above ground, inclosed 
by other houses, and are rectangular in shape, with lateral doorways. 
Some of these rooms, as at Betatakin, contain each a fire screen and a 
fire-hole, as in a circular kiva, the ventilator being replaced by a lateral 
doorway. It is possible that when the Snake people inhabited their 
northern homes, before they came to Walpi, their ceremonial rooms 
were not built, as at present, partly underground, and placed at a 
distance from the secular houses. The ceremonial rooms of this clan 
and of immediate relatives when living at Tokénabi or in the Navaho 
Monument region may have reeeembled those of the Black Falls 
a These rites in all the Hopi pueblos are performed, as in ancient times, in rectangular rooms not called 
kivas. The Snake rites are performed now, as when the clan lived at Tokénabi in subterranean rooms 
(kivas), the present form of which is rectangular instead of circular, as at Tok6nabi. ‘ 
