FEWKES] NAVAHO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA 25 
cluster of ruins.* Their subterranean position and separation from 
other rooms may be regarded as modifications due to foreign influ- 
ences after the clan arrived at Walpi.? 
The sunken or subterranean situation of the ceremonial assembly 
room, or kiva, of the Pueblo region is an architectural survival of a 
people whose secular and ceremonial rooms were subterranean. This 
feature may not be autochthonous in this area, or limited to it geo- 
graphically, having probably been derived from people of kindred 
culture of the West coast, as pointed out by Mr. Ernest Sarfert’s argu- 
ment on this point, which would seem to be conclusive if subterranean 
kivas could be found in the Gila and Little Colorado regions.° 
The forms of pueblo kivas, circular or rectangular, are not derived 
one from the other, but suggest different geographical origins. The 
circular form, confined to the eastern Pueblo area, bears evidence of 
having been derived from the culture of a people inhabiting a 
forested region; while the rectangular form strongly suggests a 
people with a treeless habitat. Both circular and rectangular sub- 
terranean assembly rooms existed in aboriginal California in historic 
and prehistoric times. The archaic or prehistoric culture of the 
Pueblo region is closely related to that of the West coast in other par- 
ticulars also, that do not concern the subject of this article. 
When the Snake clans lived at Tokénabi, and later at Wuk6ki (on 
the Little Colorado), so far as known they had no subterranean rooms 
isolated from the others for ceremonial purposes, but used rooms so 
closely resembling other apartments that they-may be called “living 
rooms.” Even when they came to the Hopi mesas they may not have 
had at first a specialized ceremonial chamber. A study of Arizona 
ruins reveals no rooms identified as ceremonial that are isolated from 
the house masses. This is true of cliff-dwellings and pueblos, and it 
is probable that the differentiation and separation of kivas from 
secular houses, found in modern Hopi pueblos, are an introduced 
feature of comparatively late date. At Zuni a rectangular room, not 
separated from the house mass, serves asa kiva, the custom in this. 
‘respect approaching more closely that found among their kindred, 
the ancient people of the Little Colorado river, than among the more 
modified Hopi of the present time. “q 
While some of the rooms identified as ceremonial in preceding pages 
are rectangular in shape and not isolated from secular rooms, the 
circular type seems also to have been found in Utah, and at Kitsiel 
and ruins near it. South of Marsh pass circular kivas are less abun- 
a It appears that insome of the ruins of the Navaho National Monument there were both circular subter- 
ranean kivas and rectangular rooms used for ceremonial purposes. At Wuk6ki the former do not exist, 
but two of the latter can be recognized, one of which has a construciion like a ventilator. 
b None of the five Walpi kivas is older than 1680, and one or two are of later construction. 
eHaus und Dorf bei den Eingeborenen Nordamerikas, in Arch. fiir Anthr., N. ¥., Bd. vu, Heft 2 and 3, 
1908. 
