26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 50 
dant, and it appears that somewhere in this region is a line of demarca- 
tion between ruins with circular kivasand those with rectangular kivas. 
In prehistoric ruins from Marsh pass southward @ to the Gila valley no 
rooms have ever been identified as kivas, although in the cavate ruins 
called Old Caves, near Flagstaff, are subterranean rooms entered from 
the floor of a room above, which may have served for the perform- 
ance of religious rites. ? 
From a comparison of some features of the kivas in the cliff-dwellings 
of the San Juan and its tributaries with those of the Navaho Monument 
it would appear that while the ceremonial rooms of the latter in cer- 
tain details are like those of the former, in some cases their form and 
position are different. So far as this resemblance goes, it may be 
reasoned that the San Juan ancients influenced by their culture the 
northern Arizona cliff-dwellers, but there is scant evidence of the 
reverse, that is, that the San Juan pueblos borrowed from the cul- 
ture of the northern Arizonians any architectural features, especially 
in the form and construction of their kivas. The theory would be 
logical that the prehistoric migration of culture was down rather 
than up the river, and the symbolism of the pottery contributes 
interesting data supporting this conclusion. 
MINOR ANTIQUITIES 
Notwithstanding the limited duration of the writer’s visit to the 
Navaho National Monument, a few specimens of stone, wood, 
pottery, and other objects were collected. The whole pieces of pot- 
tery, numbering 14 specimens (pls. 15-18), the majority of which 
came probably from Inscription House and other rums near Red 
Lake, were presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Stephen 
Janus, Navaho agent at Tuba, who accompanied the writer on the 
trip to the Marsh Pass ruins. Fragments of pottery were picked up 
on the surface at Betatakin, Kitsiel, and several other ruins, and 
the most characteristic of these were brought back to Washington. 
No excavations were attempted, nor could all objects that were seen 
be brought away. Although up to within a few years these ruins 
were practically in the condition they were when abandoned, unfor- 
tunately of late they have been despoiled and many beautiful 
‘specimens have been taken from them. Many objects still remain 
which should be removed lest they fall into improper hands. 
aThe circular kivas of Kiikiitecomo, the twin ruins on the mesa above Sikyatki, near Walpi, are the only 
ceremonial rooms of this form known from the Hopi mesas. These were the work of the Coyote clan 
and are of Eastern origin. : 
b There are two types of cavate ruins, or rooms artificially excavated in the tops or faces of cliffs, near 
Flagstaff. In one type, Old Caves, the entrance to the subterranean rooms is vertical; in the other, New 
Caves, it is from the side. _ In one type the walls of masonry are built above the caves; in the other in front 
ofthem. The common feature is the existence of chambers artificially excavated in the clitf. Both types 
differ essentially from pueblos built in the open or in natural caverns, although some of the kivas of the 
latter are excavated in the solid rock. 
