28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 50 
seems to represent a common type, as several fragments with similar 
holes were found on the surface of the ruins. The same or related 
forms appear to have been common in ruins near the Hopi pueblos. 
These are found in the collection of votive offerings now in the 
Peabody Museum at Cambridge, from Jedito spring, near Awatobi, 
and the writer has discovered specimens elsewhere in Hopi ruins, a 
brief mention of which occurs in a report on the archeological results 
of his expedition to Arizona in 1895.¢ 
Several fragments of deep bowls, each having a handle (pl. 18, }) 
on the surface, were obtained in the sands below cliff-house B; 
these are commonly of red ware and have reddish-brown and 
black decorations. A small dish of black-and-white ware (pl. 15, a) 
has the rim slightly elevated and rounded on one side. The cups or 
mugs from this region are shaped unlike those from the Mesa Verde. 
Mugs from the latter region are cylindrical in form or the walls incline 
slightly inward so that the diameter of the opening is somewhat 
less than that of the base. The lip is thick and decorated. One of 
these cups, here figured, has a constricted neck, and a slightly flarmg 
rim which is thin and undecorated. The decoration of another cup 
(pl. 15, c) suggests the designs on several mugs from the Little 
Colorado ruins. So far as form and decoration are concerned, this 
cup, or handled vase, might have come from Homolobi, Chevlon, or 
Chaves pass.° 
The designs on fragments of pottery found in ruins in northern 
Arizona are identical with or related to those from the Black Falls 
ruins, but differ somewhat from those on pottery from ruins higher 
up the Little Colorado river. If the history of the modification of 
ceramic symbols in any of the large composite pueblos of the South- 
west be studied, it will be noticed that there are often radical changes, 
the later symbols not being modifications of earlier ones. Thus 
modern Zuhi pottery designs differ materially from those found in 
ruins in the same valley. The modern pottery from East mesa is 
wholly different from that of Sikyatki, a few miles away. Again, in 
so-called modern Hopi pottery, Tewa symbols derived from the Rio 
Grande have replaced old Hopi symbols dominant before the advent 
of Tewa clans. The changes in pottery symbols in every large com- 
posite pueblo are not due to evolution of the modern from the ancient, 
but reflect the history of the advent of new clans, powerful enough 
to substitute their designs for those formerly existing. One of the 
problems of the ethnologist is to determine symbols associated with 
certain clans, and by means of legends to identify clans with ruins. 
Having determined the symbols introduced by certain clans and the 
a In Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 2. 
b Compare figures from these ruins, in the Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- 
nology. 
