32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ BULL, 50 
dant. This condition would have exerted a marked influence on the 
life of the cliff-dwellers. Pictographs show that the ancient people, 
either here or in their former homes, were familiar with these ani- 
mals, and various objects of bone and horn are significant in this 
connection. 
The Navaho National Monument (see sketch map, pl. 22) con- 
tains two kinds of ruins,? cliff-dwellings and pueblos. Most of the 
latter are situated on promontories or on low hills. The structural 
features of the cliff-dwellings are characteristic, their walls being con- 
structed of stone or adobe built against, rarely free from, vertical 
faces of the cliff. 
There are two types of kivas, one circular and subterranean, allied 
to those of the Mesa Verde, the other rectangular, above ground, 
entered from the sides. 
The masonry of these northern ruins is crude, resembling that 
of modern Walpi. The component stones are neither dressed nor 
smoothed, but the walls are sometimes plastered. There is a great 
similarity in architecture. No round towers? relieve the monotony or 
impart picturesqueness to the buildings. The walls of ruined pueblos 
in this region and the ceramic remains closely resemble those at 
Black Falls on the Little Colorado. A prominent feature of the 
walls is a jacal construction in which the mud is plastered on wattling 
between upright poles. The ends of many of these supports project 
high above the ground, constituting a characteristic feature of the 
ruins. This method of wall construction is unknown at Black Falls 
or at Walpi, but survives in modified form in one or more: Oraibi 
kivas and in one at least of the Mesa Verde ruins.° It has been 
described by Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff as common to several ruins in the 
Canyon de Chelly. 
The key to the culture of the people from which the cliff-dweller 
culture was derived is probably the kiva, which furnishes also a good 
basis for the classification of the Pueblos and cliff-dwellers into sub- 
ordinate groups. 
Architecturally the kiva reached its highest development in the 
Mesa Verde region, where it is a circular subterranean room with 
pilasters and banquettes, ventilators and deflectors, fireplaces and 
ceremonial openings, the features of which have been described else- 
where. As we follow the San Juan down to its junction with the 
Colorado we find a gradual simplification of the circular type of 
a The writer was not able to determine the exact site of the traditional Tokénabi, but believes one is 
justified in considering the ruins visited to be prehistoric houses of the Snake (Flute), Horn, and other Hopi 
clans whose descendants now live in Walpi. 
b While circular subterranean kivas are found in some of the ruins, none of these have the six pilasters 
so common higher up on the San Juan, nor have these rooms ventilators like those of Spruce-tree House. 
Some of the ruins have rectangular kivas, above ground, entered from one side. 
ec The best example of walls of this kind is found in an undescribed cliff-ruin in the canyon southwest 
of Cliff Palace. 
