FEWKES] NAVAHO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA 33 
kiva by the elimination of pilasters, ventilators, and other features, 
the round kiva being here represented by rooms in which almost 
the only architectural feature remaining is the large banquette. 
The question naturally arising in this connection is, whether the 
circular kiva in the eastern region is a development of that simpler 
form existing in the western or whether the latter is a degenerate 
form of the eastern. In other words, does the evidence show that 
this particular modification spread from the east down the San Juan 
or from the west up the river to the east? In this connection it may 
be urged that originally the form of circular kiva lacking pilasters 
extended along the entire course of the San Juan and that the kivas 
of the Mesa Verde became highly specialized forms in which pilasters 
were developed, while those lower down the river remained the same. 
We can not definitely answer either of these questions, but taken with 
other evidence it would seem that the circular form of kiva originated 
in the eastern section and gradually extended westward. 
The modern Hopi rectangular form of ceremonial room situated 
underground seems in some instances to have derived certain fea- 
tures from the circular subterranean kiva. 
The chief kiva at Walpi, that used by the Snake fraternity, is rec- 
tangular and subterranean, while that used by the Flute priests, which 
is practically a ceremonial room, is a chamber entered by a side door- 
way. It is suggested that the Snake kiva at Walpi was derived from 
the circular subterranean kiva of Tokénabi, the former home of the 
Snake clan in northern Arizona, and that the Flute chamber was 
developed from the rectangular rooms in the same ruins. The old 
question, so often considered by Southwestern archeologists, whether 
the circular subterranean kiva was derived from the rectangular or 
vice versa, seems to the writer to be somewhat modified by the fact 
that ceremonial rooms of both forms exist side by side in many 
ancient cliff-dwellings. From circular subterranean kivas in some 
‘instances developed square kivas, but the latter are sometimes the 
direct development of square rooms; the determination of the original 
form can best result from a study of clans and their migrations.% 
Naturally the questions one asks in regard to these ruins are: 
Why did the inhabitants build in these cliffs? Who were the ancient 
inhabitants? When were these dwellings inhabited and deserted ? 
It is commonly believed that the caves were chosen for habitations 
because they could be better defended than villages in the open. 
This is a good answer to the first question, so far as it goes, although 
somewhat imperfect. The ancients chose this region for their homes 
a itis generally the custom to speak of the rectangular subterranean rooms of Walpi as kivas, while the 
square or rectangular rooms above ground, in which equally secret rites are performed, are not so desig- 
nated. Both types are ceremonial rooms, but for those not subterranean the term kihw (clan ceremonial 
room), instead of kiva, is appropriate. 
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