42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 189 



Tubes 

 (3 specimens) 

 Sections of two bird long bones are transversely cut on both ends. 

 Lengths are 113 and 120 inm. (fig. 8, ^). A third specimen, 235 

 mm. long, is apparently a deer tibia (see fig. 7, a) . 



Chisels 

 (9 specimens) 

 Fragments of large long bones with one end beveled bifacially 

 to form a narrow, sharp cutting edge may have served as chisels or 

 gouges. The tips of two specimens are illustrated (fig. 8, l-m). 

 Two of the complete tools are 140 and 152 mm. long. The butt end is 

 rounded and polished, providing a convenient grasping surface. The 

 cutting edge may be nearly straight or slightly convex. The can- 

 cellous bone is gromid away so that surfaces are smooth, and the 

 blades have a glossy polish. 



Awls 

 (100 specimens) 

 The awls ordinarily are sharp and tapered, although some have 

 relatively blunt tips. Each of the tools with tips sharp enough to 

 have served as hide perforators is classed as an awl. The classifica- 

 tion of these implements follows that of Kidder (1932) , with modifica- 

 tions as demanded by the material at hand. The awls are divided 

 into four groups, based on the material from which they are made : 



1. Mammal long bones 62 



a. Head of bone left intact 1 



6. Head of bone uuworked except by original splitting 18 



c. Head of bone partially worked 12 



d. Head of bone wholly removed 17 



e. Splinter awls 14 



2. Mammal ribs 33 



a. Split ribs 28 



6. Splinter awls 5 



3. Bird long bones 4 



4. Fish spine 1 



Mammal LONG BONES (62 specimens) : 



Head of hone left intact (1 specimen) . — ^The single awl of this group 

 is made from the ulna of a small mammal, possibly a canid. Length 

 is 88 mm. ; the tip is pointed but blunt (fig. 9, a). 



Head of bone unworked except by original splitting (18 speci- 

 mens) . — The specimens in this group are made from the metapodial 

 of deer, or from bones comparable in size and form. The metapodial 

 illustrated (fig. 7, 5) is 210 mm. long and the length of the awls m- 

 dicates that only about half of the length of the bone was used. The 

 metapodials were split by longitudinal sawing in the U-shaped trough 

 on one side of the bone and by wedging apart the proximal end, using 

 the resulting half, third, or quarter of the ends as butts. 



