62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 1S9 



the Heart River (Will and Hecker, 1944, pp. 6-7, 10, 52-54, 117-118, 

 passim) . 



In this formulation, they classed the Paul Brave site as "Archaic 

 Mandan" (ibid., p. 89) . The complex represented at Paul Brave is the 

 earliest recognized village complex in the upper reaches of the Middle 

 Missouri area, and to date it is represented at the following sites for 

 which data are available : 



Excavated : Thomas Riggs, 39HU1 ( Hurt, 1953 ) 



Grandmother's Lodge, 32ME59 (Woohvorth, 1956) 

 Paul Brave, 32SI4 (this study) 

 Tony Glas, 32EM3 (Howard, 1962) 



Tested : Robert Zahn, 32SI3 ( this study ) 



Standing Soldier, 32SI8 (Scheans, MS.) 



Surface collection : Havens, 32EM1 (this study) 



Most of these sites were termed "Archaic Mandan" by Will and 

 Hecker. In a review of their work (Champe, 1948, pp. 261-262) it was 

 pointed out that the utmost discretion is necessary in the application of 

 terms such as "archaic" to relatively recent complexes. We fully en- 

 dorse this sentiment, and submit that there is no reason to retain this 

 loaded term. Another term for some of the same sites is the "Cannon- 

 ball Focus" (Bowers, MS.) , but the priority of naming and describing 

 the material in usable form falls to Hurt in his description of the 

 Thomas Riggs Focus (Hurt, 1953). Tables 4 and 5 in this study 

 illustrate the degree of identity between the type site of this focus and 

 Paul Brave, and Paul Brave is here identified as a component of that 

 focus. It is urged that the designation of Paul Brave as a component 

 of a "Fort Yates Focus" (ibid., p. 60), distinct from the Thomas 

 Riggs Focus, be abandoned in view of their essential similarity. 



Paul Brave is related to sites found throughout a considerable 

 part of the Missouri River Valley in the Middle Missouri area. In 

 1951, the Missouri Basin Project of the Smithsonian Institution tested 

 site 39LM55 in Lyman County, S. Dak., and in 1953 the University 

 of Kansas made other tests in that same site. The site lies just a few 

 miles north of the town of Chamberlain and just north of the mouth 

 of the White River. Work at this site revealed tools and a long- 

 rectangular house similar to those at the Thomas Riggs site (C. S. 

 Smith, 1953, p. 198). Excavations at the site of Grandmother's 

 Lodge (32ME59) (Woolworth, 1956) indicate that the Thomas Riggs 

 Focus extends as far north and west along the Missouri River Valley 

 as the mouth of the Little Missouri River in western North Dakota. 



Site 39LM55 and Grandmother's Lodge are fully 300 airline miles 

 apart ; the river distance between them approaches 500 miles. Between 

 these two extremes there are numerous small, isolated villages of the 

 Thomas Riggs Focus. The near identity of the remains in these sites 



