116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 189 



JJnworhed stone (2 pieces) : 



These items consist of a piece of unmodified calcite 65 mm. long, 

 22 mm. wide, and 12 mm. thick; and a piece of sheet mica 75 mm. 

 square, with rounded comers. These two items may have been picked 

 up and carried to the site as oddities. 



BONE ARTIFACTS 



Scapula lioes (100 specimens) : 



The scapulae of adult bison were used in the manufacture of these 

 implements, although some smaller specimens may be from young 

 bison or from elk. The supra-scapular border was beveled on the 

 side bearing the scapular fossae, and these fossae are hacked away so 

 that the surface of the bone is nearly flat. In a few instances there 

 are suggestions that the edges were roughened by chopping at points 

 about 100 to 150 mm. from the cutting edge, probably to provide a 

 rough surface for binding a handle to the tool. The cutting edge may 

 either be rounded or straight ; the more heavily worn tools are rounded, 

 whereas the others are more nearly square. The articulating end is 

 retained without modification (fig. 20, ^) . 



Sixty-four hoes are made from the right scapula, and 36 are from 

 the left scapula. The range in length of the 46 complete hoes is 270 

 to 480 mm. The shortest hoe, however, was about 40 mm. shorter than 

 any other in the series, and the longest was about 40 mm. longer ; ex- 

 cluding these two atypical specimens, the range in length is 310 to 

 440 mm. 



Scapula knives (19 specimens) : 



These specimens were made from various parts of bison scapulae. 

 Two groups are identified in the series. The first group consists of 

 10 specimens made from parts of the scapula on which the spinous 

 processes were hacked down, retaining part of the thin flat bone in the 

 scapula center as a blade. In general, they are paddle shaped, with 

 roughly parallel or convex edges. Parts of the medial or lateral 

 border often project beyond the blade and may have served as handles. 

 Some of them may have been made from broken scapula hoes, since 

 they often have a beveled edge on one end, on the side bearing the 

 scapular processes; this bevel is characteristic of hoe blades. The 

 edge of the scapula opposite the scapular process is sharpened on 

 each of them. The blades are either convex or concave, the latter 

 specimens resembling a scythe blade in some respects. Lengtlis of 

 complete specimens range from 220 to 390 mm. (fig. 22, g). 



The other nine specimens classed as knives are oval, triangular, or 

 rectangular scapula fragments sharpened on one or more edges. They 

 resemble the familiar bone tools generally called "squash knives," and 

 are 120 to 165 mm. long (fig. 22, h) . 



