206 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 189 



truncate concave retouch, or as the European classifier would say, 

 "burin sur troncature retouchee concave." 



To be classed as a burin (or graver) it is necessary that the object 

 should have at least one graver facet. Burkitt (1956, p. 63) says: 



Let us consider what this means. When secondary work is done on a blade 

 or flake as, for example, when an edge is to be trimmed, vertical blows are 

 dealt on the edge, the flake or blade itself being held horizontally. This is in- 

 variably the case, as a moment's thought will show. In the case of a graver, 

 however, a variable blow is dealt at the point of the blade or flake down the 

 length of the implement which is itself held vertically. The resulting flake scar, 

 which truncated the edge of the blade or flake, is known as the graver facet. Be- 

 fore accepting a graver as such, therefore, it is necessary to be sure that there is 

 at least one graver facet present, the existence of which can be demonstrated or 

 not according to the position on the suspected facet of the negative bulb or per- 

 cussion and the surrounding rings. 



According to the classifier, angle burins 



. . . have trimming on the other side of the working edge to the graver 

 facet. When the trimmed edge is at right angles or nearly so to the longer 

 axis of the blade or flake, the term "transverse" is given. There its direction 

 is inclined at an angle to this longer axis and the term "oblique" is applied. The 

 trimmed edge itself in both cases may be straight or concave, and in the 

 oblique variety also convex, but not of course in the transverse variety, as no 

 working edge would result. If the student will draw for himself a transverse 

 convex angle burin, he will at once see the truth of this statement. [Ibid, 

 p. 65.] 



STONE PEBFOBATOKS OB GBAVEES 



Perforators or gravers (pi. 31) were made by pressure chipping a 

 flake on one end into (1) short needlelike tips by beveling the sides 

 so that they met on the dorsal, or top, surface leaving the ventral, or 

 undersurface untouched, i. e., they were retouched from one plane face 

 only, and (2) larger and heavier tips were made by using this same 

 pressure chipping method on larger and slightly heavier flakes. All 

 graver tips are triangular in cross section. The smaller artifacts with 

 graver tips varied in length from 18 mm. to 31 mm., in breadth from 

 15 mm. to 22 mm., in thickness from 3 mm. to 8 mm., and the tips 

 themselves from 1 mm. to 4 mm. in length. The larger specimens 

 varied in length from 26 mm. to 48 mm., in breadth from 13 mm. 

 to 24 mm., and in thickness from 4 mm. to 15 mm. Both types are 

 within the limits of those reported by Koberts (1935, pi. 13) from 

 the Lindenmeier site in northern Colorado. 



Most of the flakes were modified along the sides and some on the 

 dorsal surface but the ventral surfaces were never intentionally altered 

 or modified. 



Small perforators or graver tips also occurred on other tools. All 

 were formed by this same type of retouch from one plane face. One 

 of the lamellar flake side scrapers had a well-preserved graver tip 



