208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 189 



suitable provided it appealed to the worker. These could be chosen 

 from the flaker's discard pile or at random from the surface of the 

 site. The small tips did not occur just by chance but were purpose- 

 fully made so that the under side is always flat and the two upper 

 sides are beveled so as to bring the tip to a very fine point. Gravers 

 can be distinguished from drills in that gi-avers are retouched on 

 only two sides and drills have all sides retouched. On top of this a 

 graver can have one or more such tips. 



GROUND AND PECKED STONE TOOLS 



Tools in this category were formed by grinding their surfaces or 

 by pecking. The pecked stone tools include pebble hammerstones, 

 full-grooved mauls, anvil stones, and paint grinders. Ground stone 

 tools include slabs of stone with grooves worn into them, anvil stones, 

 and some rubbing stones, besides a grooved ax. 



Anvil stones. — These are irregular nodules of granite, quartzite, or 

 other tough crystalline rock. Many of them have been subjected to 

 much abrasion. They were found scattered throughout the site. 



It has been suggested that anvil stones were used to pulverize dried 

 meat, seeds, and berries by pounding rather than grinding and in so 

 doing the anvil stone was "probably set in a sort of rawhide 'pannier' 

 and the food substance placed on it to be crushed with a stone-headed 

 pounder. This was the method followed by the Dakota, who in some 

 instances at least used anvils almost identical to those of the Pawnee" 

 (Wedel, 1936, p. 75). Since this site is neither Dakota nor Pawnee, 

 it has been attributed to a pre-Arikara — Arikara group in whose 

 cultural assemblage there is comparable agreement. 



Rubhing stones. — These are usually flat, round stones, and range in 

 size from small pebbles to those easily handled in the fist. They 

 were used as a rule without any retouching and were probably used 

 in rubbing down hides as several have acquired a rather high polish 

 and are very soft and smooth to the touch. Several show very 

 shallow parallel scratches resulting from use. 



Pecking stones. — These are small pebbles of granite, quartzite, dio- 

 rite, or some such hard stone. Usually, these are unaltered pebbles ; 

 some are round, others are natural elongated forms. Both forms 

 show much battering or abrading. Similarly, others that are small, 

 flat, and circular are worn about the edges. 



Paint stones. — These paint stones are usually highly granular 

 stones that were chosen because of this trait. Several show that 

 they had been used to reduce lumps of hematite into powder by grind- 

 ing. Specks of hematite have worked themselves well into the sur- 

 face of these stones and cannot easily be rubbed off. Paint stones are 

 not plentiful and are widely scattered in the site. 



