plTp ^^o' IsT TORONTO RESERVOIR AREA, KANS. — ^HOWARD 337 



been used as a grinding tool for small materials such as medicines or 

 perfumes. 



Three of the larger manos appear to have been used also as cup- 

 stones or anvils, as they have paired depressions on the two opposite, 

 flat surfaces. The only complete specimen of this sort measures 117 

 mm. in length, 55 mm. in width, and is 56 mm. thick. The pecked de- 

 pressions are 23 mm. in diameter and 4 mm. thick. 



Hammer stones. — Three hammerstones were recovered. All are un- 

 worked river pebbles of a size to fit conveniently in the hand of the 

 user, and all show signs of battering on one or more surfaces. 



Core. — ^A pyriform core of gray Flint Hills chert was found at the 

 site and probably represents a piece of material roughly shaped at 

 the quarry for transportation to the site, where it could be made into 

 points, scrapers, etc. It is 102 mm. long, 72 mm. wide, and has a maxi- 

 mum thickness of 35 mm. 



Miscellaneous stone artifacts. — In addition to the artifacts de- 

 scribed above, there were 28 chipped-stone specimens too fragmentary 

 to classify. One of these seems to represent the end of a small end 

 scraper. Three seem to be portions of flake scrapers, and the remain- 

 der may be portions of projectile points or blades. The predominant 

 materials are gray Flint Hills chert, tan chert, and pink chert. 



CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS 



Although no cultural stratification could be discovered, the arti- 

 facts from this site indicate that at least two components are present : 

 Archaic (as defined by Spaulding, 1955, pp. 15-19) and Aksarben.^ 

 A single loop-handle fragment may represent the third and most re- 

 cent component at the site, Great Bend. 



Site 14W0215 



This is a small site, limited to a low knoll and an adjacent level area 

 near the Verdigris River (fig. 59). The area has been under cultiva- 

 tion for some time and has also been subjected to continual flooding 

 during periods of high water. Nevertheless, it is still quite rich in 

 surface materials. 



EXCAVATIONS 



The site was tested by means of two 5-foot-square test pits, exca- 

 vated in the area of greatest surface concentration. The first pit was 

 excavated to a depth of 2.5 feet, the second to a depth of 2.0 feet. The 

 fill was clay loam at the surface, grading into hard clay at a depth 

 of 1.0 foot. Numerous sandstone blocks were encountered at the top 



2 The term "Aksarben" is used for the archeological lemaius which make up the Upper 

 RepubUcan and Nebraska cultures. 



