FEWKES] ANTIQUITIES OF MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 21 



oldest. In construction this is a remarkable chamber. It is built 

 directly under the cliff, which forms part of its walls. In addition 

 to its site the remarkable features are its double walls, and its floor 

 on the level of the roofs of the other kivas. Although this kiva is not 

 naturally subterranean, the earth and walls built up around it make 

 it to all intents below the surface of the ground. 



It appears from the arrangement of walls and banquettes that 

 there is here presented an example of one room constructed inside of 

 another, the inner room utilizing for its wall a portion of the outer.. 

 The inner room is more nearly circular than the outer in which it 

 was subsequently built. In this inner room as in other kivas there 

 are six banquettes, and the same number of pedestals to support the. 

 roof. Three of these pedestals are common to both rooms. The 

 floor of this room shows nothing peculiar. It has a fire hole, a 

 sipapu, and a deflector, or low wall between the fire hole and the 

 entrance into the horizontal passageway of the ventilator. The venti- 

 lator itself opens just outside the west wall through a passageway, 

 the walls of which stand on the wall of a neighboring room. No 

 plaza of any considerable size surrounded the top of this kiva. 



In order to get an idea as to how many rectangular rooms naturally 

 accompany a single kiva, the author examined the ground plans of 

 such cliff-dwellings as are known to have but one circular kiva, the 

 majority of these being in the Chelly canyon. While it was not pos- 

 sible to determine the point satisfactorily, it was found that in several 

 instances the circular kiva lies in the middle of several rooms, a fact 

 which would seem to indicate that it was built first and that the 

 square rooms were added later. Several clusters of rooms, each 

 cluster having one kiva, closely resemble kiva A and its surroundings, 

 in both form and structure. 



Kiva B 

 The walls of this subterranean room had escaped all previous ob- 

 servers. They are very much dilapidated, being wholly concealed 

 when work of excavation began. A large old cedar tree growing in 

 the middle of this room led the author to abandon its complete exca- 

 vation, which promised little return either in enlarging our know- 

 ledge of the ground plan of Spruce-tree House or in shedding addi- 

 tional light on the culture of its prehistoric inhabitants. 



Kivas C and D 



The two kivas, C and D, the roofs of which form the greater part 

 of plaza C, logically belong together in our consideration. One of 

 these rooms, C, was roofed over by the author, who followed as a 

 model the roofs of the two kivas of the House with the Square Tower 

 (Peabody House) ; the other shows a few log supports of an original 

 roof — the only Spruce-tree House kiva of which this is true. 



