FEWKES] ANTIQUITIES OF MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 35 



Using color and symbolism of pottery as a basis of classification, 

 the author has provisionally divided the sedentary people of the 

 Southwest into the following divisions, or has recognized the follow- 

 ing ceramic areas: (1) Hopi area, including the wonderful ware of 

 Sikyatki, xVwatobi, and the ruins on Antelope mesa, at old Mi- 

 shongnovi, Shumopavi and neighboring ruins; (2) Casa Grande 

 area; (3) San Juan area, including Mesa Verde, Cliaco canyon, 

 Chelly canyon as far west as St. George, Utah, and Navaho moun- 

 tain, Arizona; (4) Little Colorado area, including Zuhi. The pot- 

 tery of Casas Grandes in Chihuahua is allied in colors but not in 

 symbols to old Hopi ware. So little is known of the old Piros 

 ceramics and of the pottery from all ruins east of the Rio Grande, 

 that they are not j'et classified. The ceramics from the region west 

 of the Ilio Grande are related to the San Juan and Chaco areas. 



The Spruce-tree House pottery belongs to the San Juan area, 

 having some resemblance and relationship to that from the lower 

 course of the Little Colorado. It is markedly difl'erent from the pot- 

 tery of the Llopi area and has only the most distant resemblance to 

 that from Casas Grandes." 



Hon AREA 



The Hopi area is well distinguished by specialized symbols which 

 are not duplicated elsewhere in the pueblo area. Among these may 

 be mentioned the symbol for the feather, and a band representing the 

 sky with design of a mythic bird attached. As almost all pueblo 

 symbols, ancient and modern, are represented on old Hopi ware, and 

 in addition other designs peculiar to it, the logical conclusion is 

 that these Hopi sjnnbols are specialized in origin. 



The evolution of a ceramic area in the neighborhood of the modern 

 Hopi mesas is due to sjoecial causes, and points to a long residence in 

 that locality. It would seem from traditions that the earliest Hopi 

 people came from the east, and that the development of a purely 

 Hopi ceramic culture in the region now occupied by this people took 

 place before any great change due to southern innnigration had 

 occurred. The entrance of Patki and other clans from the south 

 strongly affected the old Hopi culture, which was purest in Sikyatki, 

 but even there it remained distinctive. The advent of the eastern 

 clans in large numbers after the great rebellion in 1G80, especially of 

 the Tanoan families about 1710, radically changed the symbolism, 

 making modern Hopi ware completely eastern in this respect. The 

 old symbolism, the germ of which was eastern, as shown by the 

 characters employed, almost completely vanished, being replaced by 

 an introduced symbolism. 



" The above classification coincides in some respects witli that obtained by using the 

 forms of ceremonial rooms as the basis. 



