4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 41 



with tke depth, the interior of the cave thus being rather darli. The ground 

 is fairly even and lies almost on a level, which has considerably facilitated 

 the building operations. A plan of the ruins is given in PI. ix. A great part 

 of the house, or rather village, is in an excellent state of preservation, both the 

 walls, which at some places are several stories high and rise to the roof of 

 rock, and the floors between the different stories still remaining. The archi- 

 tecture is the same as that described in the ruins on Wetherill's Mesa. In 

 some parts more care is perhaps displayed in the shape of the blocks and in 

 the joints between theni. The walls, here as in other cliff-dwellings, are about 

 0.3 m. thick, seldom more. A point which immediately strikes the eye in PI. 

 IX, is that no premeditated design has been followed in the erection of the 

 buildings. It seems as if only a few rooms had first been built, additions having 

 subsequently been made to meet the requirements of the increasing population. 

 This circumstance, which I have already touched upon when describing other 

 ruins, may be observed in most of the cliff-dwellings. There is fui'ther evidence 

 to show that the whole village was not erected at the same time. At several 

 places it may be seen that new walls have been added to the old. though the 

 stones of both walls do not fit into each other, as is the case when two ad- 

 jacent walls have been constructed simultaneously. The arrangement of the 

 rooms has been determined by the surrounding cliff, the walls being generally 

 built either at right angles or parallel to it. At some places the walls of several 

 adjoining apartments of about equal size have been consistently erected in the 

 same direction, some blocks of rooms thus possessing a regularity which 

 is wanting in the cliff-village as a whole. This is perhaps the first stage in the 

 develoi)ment of the cliff-dwellings to the villages whose ruins are common in 

 the valleys and on the mesa, and which are constructed according to a fixed 

 design. 



In the plan (PI. ix) it may be seen that the cave contains two distinct 

 groups of rooms. At about the middle of the cliff-village a kind of passage 

 (23), uninterrupted by any wall, runs through the whole ruin. We found the 

 remains, however, of a cross wall projecting from an elliptical room (14 in the 

 plan) in the south part of the village. Each of these two divisions of the ruin 

 contains an open space (16 and 28) at the back of the cave, the ground in both 

 these places being covered with bird droppings. It is probable that this was 

 the place where tame turkeys were kept, though it can not have been a very 

 pleasant abode for them, for at least in the north of the ruin this part of the 

 cave is almost pitch dark, the walls of the inner court (28), rising up to the roof 

 of rock. In each of the two divisions of the cliff-village a number of estufas 

 were built, in the north at least five, in the south at least two ; while several 

 more are, no doubt, buried in the heaps of ruins. These estufas preserve to the 

 least detail the ordinary type (diam. 4-.5 metres) fully described above. They 

 are generally situated in front of the other rooms, with their foundations sunk 

 deeper in the ground, and have never had an upper story. Even their site 

 suggests that they were used for some special purpose, probably as assembly- 

 rooms at religious festivities held by those members of the tribe who lived 

 in the adjacent rooms. In all the estufas without exception, the roof has fallen 

 in. It is probable, as I have mentioned before, that the entrance of these 

 rooms, as is still the case among the Pueblo Indians, was constructed in the 

 roof. The other I'ooms wei-e entered l)y narrow doorways (breadth 40-55 cm., 

 height 65-80 cm.). These doorways are generally rectangular, often somewhat 

 narrower at the top; the sill consists, as already described, of a long stone slab, 

 the lintel of a few sticks a couple of centimetres in thickness, laid across the 

 opening to support the wall above them. The arch was unknown to the builders 

 of these villages, even in the foi'm common among the ruins of Central Amei'ica, 



