Ladd] PARITA AND SANTA MARIA ARCHEOLOGY, PANAMA 233 



but present in Red-buff ware or Red and Cream ware in Mound III 

 atHe-4).22 



It is interesting to note in passing that all the examples, illustrated 

 by Cruxent and Rouse, of double loop vertical handles and rim loop 

 handles occurred in styles of northwestern Venezuela which were 

 either limited to Period IV or had a span including Periods IV and 

 V,^^ a distribution which would equate with the Herrera Phase of 

 Panama. Although there are numerous differences between the 

 Dabajuro style and Herrera Phase archeology, there appear to be 

 sufficient specific similarities both in decorative modes and other 

 characteristics, such as the celts and urn burials, to indicate possible 

 diffusion. However, the lack of any similar archeological evidence in 

 the area between Venezuela and the Azuero Peninsula presents an 

 obvious obstacle to this theory. 



Two other northern Venezuela styles should be mentioned in this 

 connection; the Palmasola style, located to the east along the coast of 

 the Golfo Triste, and the Tierra de los Indios style inland in the 

 Barquisimeto region. The use of red bordered by black, median 

 flanged collars, pedestal bases with cutout sections, and double loop 

 vertical handles of the Palmasola style are characteristics which are 

 present in either the Late Code or Herrera phases of Panama. In the 

 Tierra de los Indios style, two design elements are shared with Panama; 

 the fairly complex "clawed swastika" (Lothrop, 1942, p. 90), which is 

 a characteristic of Late Code polychrome at Sitio Conte, is practically 

 duplicated on a Tierra de los Indios vessel (Cruxent and Rouse, 1958, 

 fig. 132, ^), and the closed arc element of the Macaracas and Calabaza 

 types appears carved on a piece of lignite illustrated by Cruxent and 

 Rouse (ibid., pi. 63, 9) . Similarities with Code have also been noted by 

 Osgood and Howard (1943). Painted wares in the style include red 

 on plain, a black on plain, and a red and black on white. 



Reviewing this brief section, it is apparent that there are a number 

 of specific ceramic modes as well as more general traits which are 

 shared by Panamanian, Colombian, and Venezuelan archeology in the 

 later periods. Among these the most striking are the affinities between 

 the First Painted Horizon of the Rancheria region in Colombia and 

 the Early Code Phase in Panama, and the Herrera Phase-Dabajuro 

 style similarities manifested in the Lake Maracaibo region of Vene- 



22 For illustration of these modes see Cruxent and Rouse, 1958, as follows: T-element in figure 42, 4, 9, 10, 

 It, and figure 43, 2, 5-a, 10; angular scroll in figure 42, 8; undulating line with closed arcs in figure 42, S, 4, 

 and plate 21, 10; solid triangles pendent from a line, figure 43, i-b; double looped vertical handles in plates 

 19, 3 and 22, 12; rim loop handle plate 22, 2; applique ribbon or "worm" in plate 22, 2S. 



23 Double loop vertical handles occurred in the following styles: Dabajuro (Pds. IV and V), Aroa (Pd, 

 IV), Palmasola (Pd. IV), and Betijoque (Pds. II-V). Rim loop handles are illustrated for the Mirlnday 

 Style (Pd. IV) and the Dabajuro (Pds. IV-V.) 



