hrdi,i5ka] physiological AND MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS 9 



alone seem to have mingled to a somewhat greater extent with other 

 tribes. They intermarried in quite recent times with some of the 

 inhabitants of Taos pueblo and with the Ute, but the majority 

 still distinctly show Apache type. The Walapai and the Havasupai 

 seem to be almost entirely free from foreign mixture. 



The Havasupai, popularly known also as Supai and as Coconino, 

 live most of the year in the deep, narrow Cataract canyon through 

 which flows a tributary of the Colorado; but on the approach of 

 winter they move to the surrounding mesas, where they construct 

 dwellings of primitive form and devote themselves to hunting. 



The Navaho, calling themselves Di-ne, are an independent, self- 

 supporting tribe who live on and considerably beyond the borders of 

 a great semiarid reservation extending over parts of Colorado, Utah, 

 New Mexico, and Arizona. With the exception of the much-mixed 

 Cherokee, this is the largest tribe in the United States, and in every 

 way one of the most promising. The writer visited this people in all 

 parts of their domain. Notwithstanding their mixed Indian origin, 

 the Navaho possess a characteristic physiognomy, a great degree of 

 uniformity in physical features, and practically the same habits 

 throughout their extensive territory. 



Through the writing of Fewkes, Stephen, Mindeleff, Owens, A^oth, 

 Hough, and others, the Hopi are among the best known of the 

 indigenous peoples of southwestern United States. The tribe lives 

 in seven villages, of which five are very old and two (Sichomovi and 

 Hano) are historic; with the exception of Oraibi none of the villages 

 occupies its prehistoric site. Hano was settled about the year 

 1710 by Tewa people from near the Rio Grande, and its people al- 

 though only partially assimilated with the Hopi are officially classed 

 with the latter. These seven pueblos are situated on three high 

 neighboring mesas, nearly 7,000 feet above the sea level, in the sandy, 

 dry, arid region of northeastern Arizona. The Hopi are a poor 

 sedentary people, subsisting almost entirely by agriculture; and 

 in their physical characters they closely resemble the Zuni." 



The Zuni, or, as they call themselves, SJiiwi or AsMwi, are a large 

 southern branch of the Pueblos. These Indians, well known through 

 the studies of Cushing, Mrs. Stevenson, and others, occupy a reserva- 

 tion situated a little more than 30 miles south of Gallup, New Mexico. 

 They live in one large old village (called by them Shiwinakwin), 

 built in an extensive plain traversed by a small stream — the Zuni 

 river. They occupy also, in outlying fertile valleys, the villages of 

 Ojo Caliente, Nutria, and Pescado, where but few live permanently, 

 but to which numerous families move during each farming season. 



a For an account of recent disturbances affecting Oraibi and resulting in the establishment of an 

 additional settlement, see Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs lor 1906 and especially Report 

 for 1907. 



