uRDucKA] PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL OBSETtVATIONS 169 



against the law have been very rare; in 1*.)03, however, a man and 

 his wife were shot from ambnsh, probably because they were 

 suspected of witchcraft. 



During the writer's visit at the Wliite Mountain agency in 1890, a 

 report came in of the wounding of two men in a drunken light; and 

 in this locahty similar data could be multiplied. 



The men among all the Apache are very jealous of their wives, 

 looking upon them as their property, and it is not rare, even to-day, 

 for a jealous husband to maltreat his wife, beating her or even cutting 

 her with a knife. Formerly the husband (or the women relatives) 

 used to cut off the unfaithful woman's nose, or to inflict more 

 serious injury causing even death. Several old women each with l)ut 

 a stump of a nose may be seen at the San Carlos reservation to this 

 day. An old man at White Mountain about seven years ago, in a 

 fit of jealous rage, gouged out with his finger one of his young wife's 

 eyes. 



Among the Navaho crimes are rare, consisting of theft, desertion, 

 and murder. In 1898 while the writer carried on. investigations 

 among this tribe, some Navaho robbed one of their chiefs, Vicente; 

 such an occurrence, however, from all accounts, is very rare. The 

 Navaho steal stock from the Hopi, and on the border commit occa- 

 sionally petty thefts from the whites; but the majority of the tribe 

 are honest, as are most other Indians who have not suffered degrada- 

 tion. A murder in the tribe occasionally takes place, followed by the 

 suicide of the murderer. Before a married man kills himself " he also 

 wants to kill his wife or wives and children." A prospector on the 

 reservation would run a serious risk of being killed; otherwise whites 

 are never terrorized, and there is no instance on record in which a 

 scientific explorer has been in any way molested. A medicine-man 

 who fell into disfavor was shot in 1900. A few cases of rape were 

 heard of. 



Among the Zuni, the writer was told by the whites who live with 

 and near the tribe, of the killing by these people of two Mexicans. 

 He also heard of the previously reported* torturing and executing of 

 supposed witches. According to the informants, when an epidemic 

 or persistent ill fortune visits the tribe, and even in individual cases, 

 a suspicion arises that the affliction is due to witchcraft. A search 

 is then made for the offender and the blame may fall upon some old, 

 friendless man or woman or even upon a young person, who is pressed 

 to confess the witchcraft. If he does so, it is said that he is simply 

 exiled. Several such exiled Zuni live at the present time at Laguna 

 and Isleta. If the individual does not confess, he is severely tortured 

 and maltreated, and may be hanged or otherwise killed. 



a See Julian Scott, Report on Indians. Eleventh Census, 1890, 445, and especially Mrs. M. C. Stevenson's 

 The Zuni Indians, Twenty-third Annual Report of Bureau of A merican Ethnology. 



