194 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 34 



with by various minor disorders. All those, however, who could be 

 tested for strength by the dynamometer were found to be weaker than 

 average full-colored individuals of the same age in the same tribe. 



Among the Hopi the albinos are known as Jco-lo-ko-cJia-te (white 

 people). Neither among the Hopi nor among the Zuni are they ostra- 

 cized or looked on as inferiors. They marry fidl-colored individuals 

 of the other sex, but they themselves are generally ashamed of their 

 condition. They are not inclined to play or to take part in the life 

 of the village as others do. In associating with them the writer foimd 

 all of them to be sensitive, bashful, and easily irritated or made to 

 cry. With two exceptions among the men, they appeared from 

 slightly to moderately submedium in intelligence ; the testimony of 

 teachers and others agreed with this conclusion. 



An inquuy into the family history of an Indian is seldom very sat- 

 isfactory. According to the scanty and perhaps not always reliable 

 data obtainable, in most instances the albino was the second child 

 of the mother; in one case he was the third; in one case the eighth 

 (last). In the nine cases (children) here considered the father, the 

 mother, and all the other children were of normal color. In one 

 family the second and sixth children were albinos; in one family the 

 second and third; and finally one woman had three children, all 

 albinos. In all these instances the father, mother, and remaining 

 children, where such existed, were full-colored. The albinos married 

 to full-colored individuals seldom raise any, and never large, families 

 of their own. This point seems of importance and needs further 

 attention. The Indians have no rational idea as to the cause of 

 albinism, and have not noticed that it runs in certain families." 



There is among the Hopi considerable intermarriage of distant rel- 

 atives, but marriage is regulated by the clan system, which prevents 

 all close interbreeding; on the whole this factor is not gi-eater or even 

 as great as in some still smaller tribes, for example, the Maricopa, 

 among whom no albinism has been recorded. There are indications 

 that the actual, original cause of the condition lies in the nervous 

 centers, and is of a degenerative nature, being propagated in the tribe 

 through hereditary influences. No definite clue as to any special 

 predisposing or exciting cause has been found in connection with the 

 series here reported. Prolonged lactation of the youngest in common 

 with a previous child was considered, but this is frequent among all 

 Indians and takes place with all the children in families where only 

 single albinos occur. Careful and detailed observations in this line 

 should be made in future by the resident physicians in particular. 



The following are the results of the examinations of Hopi and Zuni 

 albinos in detail; the Hopi subjects are arranged by villages. 



a It is a supposed consequence of transgressing some tabus by tlie pregnant woman, or of making, in 

 an erroneous way, certain paho.s or prayer sticlcs; but ttio majority of those questioned had no expla- 

 nation. 



