20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 185 
ular ring about the central four, at a distance of from 25 to 388 feet 
from the center of the central area, those in the front of the lodge 
being the closest. At from 5 to 11 feet beyond these—most commonly 
at 7.5 feet, and with the distance being the greatest in the front of 
the lodge—was a shallow, narrow trench which held the butts of many 
small posts, presumably of leaners which supported the earthen sides of 
the lodge (pl. 2, 5). 
The entrance was to the east, between 6 and 7 feet in width and 
approximately 12 feet in length. After excavation it was found to 
be outlined by two shallow trenches with a post butt remaining at 
the outer end of each. At each side of the inner end of the entrance, 
but out of the trench, was a small, shallowly set post butt, each of 
which was surrounded by a circle of small holes each containing the 
butt of a willow rod an inch in diameter. 
There was no indication of an altar, nor were there any floor or 
subfloor features other than those already noted. Since this village 
was occupied only a few months—there is a tradition that some houses 
were still under construction when the site was abandoned—it is 
possible that this structure was unfinished at the time the village was 
abandoned and that eventually it would have contained a fireplace and 
an altar. 
The three structures which have been described are basically simi- 
lar but vary somewhat in detail. The same basic similarity and 
variation is found in all, and in the traditional pattern for the building 
of the ceremonial structure as obtained by Gilmore (1931, pp. 47-70) 
in 1926. According to his informants the ceremonial lodge stood 
in the center of the village with an open space before it where the 
Grandfather Rock and the Sacred Cedar stood. In the center of the 
lodge, forming the starting point from which all measurements were 
made, was the fireplace, the diameter of which was the length of a 
man lying prone—66 to 74 inches. One informant said that in the 
construction of this feature the earth was removed down to the hard 
subsoil. Another stated that it was “dug to a depth such that the 
original level of the ground would be at the waist of a man standing 
within it, and the earth excavated . . . . was laid in a circular ridge 
about it until a man standing within could just see over it” (ibid., 
p. 69). 
The four center posts enclosed an area 6 paces square according to 
one of the informants—between 15 and 18 feet. The second inform- 
ant stated that the center posts were set at a distance of 2 arm spans 
of a man from the center of the hearth—between 11 and 12 feet. 
These four posts were in turn enclosed within a ring of 12 secondary 
posts which should stand at a distance of 3 paces (7.5 to 8 feet) 
beyond the posts of the central square, and 4 paces apart. There is 
the same lack of agreement in the accounts of the distance at which 
