Riv. Bas. Sur. 
Pav. No. 30} STUTSMAN FOCUS—WHEELER 229 
(ec) Vegetal remains: Charred pits of wild plum, Prunus americana, and 
unidentified decayed wood and charcoal. No remains of maize, beans, 
sunflowers or cucurbits were found, but the presence of hoes and of smok- 
ing pipes indicates that horticulture involving the above plants, plus 
tobacco, was undoubtedly practiced. 
The material inventories of the components of the Stutsman Focus 
imply seminomadic communities whose economy was based on a com- 
bination of horticulture, hunting (including eagle trapping), and 
collecting. 
ASSESSMENT: THE CULTURAL AFFINITIES AND TEM- 
PORAL PLACEMENT OF THE STUTSMAN FOCUS 
The ceramic complex of the Stutsman Focus seems to be intimately 
related to that of the Painted Woods Focus, represented or probably 
represented at 17 sites or components of sites on both sides of the 
Missouri River, from Mannhaven southward to just above Harmon 
in central North Dakota, and at the Schultz site on the lower Sheyenne 
River in southeastern North Dakota. The Painted Woods Focus 
has been tentatively ascribed to the Hidatsa (Bowers, MS). One or 
more groups of this seminomadic Northern Plains tribe may have 
been responsible for the Stutsman Focus. 
The presence of a few artifacts of trade metal and of examples of 
certain presumably late pottery types (particularly the Ransom, 
Stanley, and Talking Crow types identified in foregoing pages) in 
the inventory of the Hintz component suggests that the Stutsman 
Focus may be placed in the early Historic Period (Strong, 1940, 
pp. 365-866, and table 1), and may be accorded a date of A.D. 1750, 
or 1770, to 1800. 
REFERENCES CITED 
BOWERS, ALFRED WILLIAM. 
1950. Mandan social and ceremonial organization. Univ. Chicago Publ. 
Anthrop., Social Anthrop. Ser. 
A history of the Mandan and Hidatsa. MS., Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. 
Chicago, 1948. 
LEECHMAN, DOUGLAS. 
1951. Bone grease. Amer. Antiquity, vol.'16, No. 4, pp. 355-356. 
LEHMER, DONALD J. 
1951. Pottery types from the Dodd site, Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota. 
Plains Archeol. Conference News Letter, vol. 4, No. 2. 
1954. Archeological investigations in the Oahe dam area, South Dakota, 
1950-51. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 158, Riv. Bas. Surv. Pap., No. 7. 
SMITH, CARLYLE 8S. 
1951. Pottery types from the Talking Crow site, Fort Randall Reservoir, 
South Dakota. Plains Archeol. Conference News Letter, vol. 4, 
No. 3. 
