60 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[Bull. 191 



The stops include a voiceless unaspirated series, b, d, and g; a 

 voiceless aspirated series, p, t, and k; and a glottalized series, ^, t, 

 and t, at bilabial, alveolar, and velar points of articulation: 



bl-§u bee 



pi-tA step on it 



pl-tA let him step on it 



di kupAWA maybe he chopped 



ti kupawanE maybe we chopped 



ti kupAWA maybe I chopped 



ga-niA his house 



ka-ni let me walk 



k4-ni he walked 



The alveopalatals, d'', c, and c, require special comment. These 

 are grouped with the stops for the sake of symmetry and because 

 there is evidence for their historic development from a set of stops 

 parallel to the bilabial, alveolar, and velar sets. The voiceless 

 alveopalatal stop, d^, is unaspirated preceding a voiced vowel and 

 aspirated preceding a voiceless vowel: 



cld^a I caught him si-d*'A squirrel 



The voiceless alveopalatal affricates, c and c, are aspirated and 

 glottalized respectively: 



cuguyA maybe he sat ciiguyA sit 



The Keresan dialects at the present are in various stages of transi- 

 tion to a structure which includes both a set of alveopalatal stops and 

 a set of affricates at the same point of articulation. Acoma, for 

 instance, has a few occurrences of glottalized alveopalatal stops which 

 contrast with the unglottalized phoneme. It also has unaspirated 

 alveopalatal affricates occurring in loanwords. The Santa Ana 

 dialect has unaspirated affricates in loanwords but has not developed 

 aspirated or glottalized alveopalatal stops as distinct phonemes. 



Each of the above stops and affricates may occur in a sibilant 

 cluster: 



There are voiceless unaspirated affricates, z and z ; voiceless aspirated 

 affricates, c and c; and voiceless glottalized affricates, c and c, at 

 alveolar and retroflexed points of articulation: 



z^d^a desert 

 c^ci breath 

 chkv it bit him 



zkkv let him bite you 

 caku maybe you bit him 

 caku maybe I bit you 



