^°NJ!°69f^^' LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 63 



The nucleus of a syllable consists of one of the single vowels or 

 vowel clusters, with or without terminal glottal closure. The nucleus 

 is also the domain of certain suprasegmental features yet to be de- 

 scribed. Terminal glottal closure is written as a segmental feature 

 only in unstressed syllables: 



ndza*? will say si-ba'tu / slept 



Contrastive suprasegmental features include accent and vowel 

 length. There are four kinds of accent: level, indicated by an acute 

 accent; falling, indicated by a circumflex accent; breathy, indicated 

 by a grave accent; and glottal, indicated by an apostrophe over the 

 vowel. Unaccented vowels are not marked. Level accented vowels 

 are stressed and normally have a high level pitch: 



kdci ten zd,wini old 



There is a tendency for a slight upglide in pitch on long vowels or 

 vowel clusters with level accent: 



k^-ci antelope hd,ub^- everyone 



The pitch on level accented vowels is conditioned to some degree by 

 the position in the word and by the natm^e of the preceding consonant. 

 A vowel preceded by a plain sonorant, for instance, often has a higher 

 relative pitch than a vowel in a comparable position but preceded by 

 one of the other consonants. The two vowels of cama tomorrow 

 normally have approximately the same pitch, while there is a pro- 

 nounced drop in pitch on the second syllable of gase white. 



Falling accent occurs only on long vowels or vowel clusters and is 

 characterized by a downglide in pitch together with diminishing 

 stress: 



di-ni pumpkin yauni stone mdsa-ni leaf 



Vowels or vowel clusters with breathy accent begin with voicing and 

 terminate in voicelessness. The initial voiced segment is short and 

 stressed, and has a relatively high pitch: 



caci breath maid^ana seven 



Single short accented vowels or accented vowel clusters which are 

 terminated by glottal closure are written with the glottal accent: 



gaku he is located saub^nacA / sewed 



A voiceless echo vowel may follow the release of the glottal stop, 

 although this is not a consistent feature. The reasons for treating 

 glottal accent as a phenomenon distinct from the glottal closure in 

 unstressed syllables derive largely from comparative considerations. 



Vowel length always occurs with falling accented vowels and may 

 occur with level accented or with unaccented vowels: 



pa-ni bag ci-nd river hawe- snow 



A slight downglide in pitch tends to occur on final long unaccented 

 vowels. 



