66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



rhythm group the speech may fade into a whisper in which normally 

 voiced phonemes are unvoiced. 



In contrast to normal rhythm groups, an utterance may sometimes 

 show no diminishing of pitch on successive accented syllables. This is 

 true of certain types of questions or other utterances for which a 

 response is anticipated: 



ma- hdwe- §u 'i'umama Listen here, grandchild . . . 



Hortatory utterances often are characterized by a gradual diminish- 

 ing of the pitch level as in a normal rhythm group until the final 

 syllable is reached. The final syllable is then given an extra emphasis 

 that involves the rearticulation of a normally voiced vowel or the 

 voicing of a normally voiceless vowel together with added intensity 

 and pitch : 



hdwe- 'i'f-ma'i*^ Come here! 



disl ba cuyli-kami Wait for me here! 



Compare the same utterances without the hortatory emphasis: 



h^w6- ?i-ma 



dfsi ba cuyti-kAmi 



MORPHOPHONEMICS 



The morphophonemic rules outlined below consist of a series of 

 statements which simplify the morphological description to follow. 

 Included for consideration are a number of changes in stems and in 

 affixual morphemes which are somewhat regular and which can be 

 explained on the basis of the phonological environment. Two 

 processes, vowel reduction and the voicing or unvoicing of vowels, are 

 rather extensive in their operation and are described in the following 

 two sections respectively. "Miscellaneous Processes" deals with a 

 number of phenomena of more restricted occurrence. 



Excluded for consideration here are numerous cases of phonolog- 

 ically similar forms (e.g., the second person subject markers s- and 

 §-) which at an earlier stage in the language may have been in mutually 

 exclusive distribution in terms of their phonological environment. 

 In a synchronic description of the present Santa Ana dialect, however, 

 they are most conveniently treated as allomorphs, the distribution of 

 which is defined morphologically rather than phonologicaUy. 



VOWEL REDUCTION 



Changes in the vowel or vowels immediately following the pronom- 

 inal affix in verbs may often be explained in terms of vowel reduction. 

 This involves a fusing of the thematic adjunct with a preceding voice 

 prefix or with the vowel of a preceding pronominal affix. Vowel 

 reduction normally follows the patterns outlined below. 



