^°No!°69r^^" LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 73 



The glottalized sonorant in stems of this kind may have developed 

 from a plain sonorant preceded by a glottal accent in the thematic 

 adjunct, and thus undergoes the above change. Other stems with a 

 glottalized sonorant in a comparable position do not show this change: 



kdwAsdd it is sour 



Inirodvction of -u-. — The addition of the continuative suffix -kuyA 

 to a verb stem ending in -a, -e, or their voiceless counterparts, results 

 in the formation of a vowel cluster the second member of which 

 is -U-: 



subeukuyA (supE + -kuyA) / am eating 



siwi-deyaukxjyA (sfwi-tEyA + -kuyA) / am worshiping 



Compare: 



supE / ate 



sfwi-tEyA I worshipped 



Change of c to t. — The phoneme q in the final syllable of a word 

 changes to t when followed by a high front vowel: 



suwi-titA (suwi-QA + -(i)tA) I am making it^ 

 Compare: 



sdwt-OA I made it 



Certain pronominal prefixes also show a shift from a retroflexed 

 affricate to an alveolar stop (e.g., s^z- and sad-; see charts 1 and 2). 

 These allomorphs undoubtedly have developed from the process 

 outlined above, but are, in the present stage of the language, no longer 

 phonologically defined. Forms ending in d sometimes occur before 

 vowels other than i: 

 sada I am 



MORPHOLOGY 



UNITS OF ANALYSIS 



While the validity of the word as a universal linguistic unit is some- 

 times questioned, it is found convenient in this description of the 

 grammatical structure of Santa Ana Keresan to recognize such a 

 unit. The morphology-syntax division employed here is based on 

 the assumption that the word can be defined with sufficient precision 

 for descriptive pm-poses. This does not mean, however, that there 

 may not remain a certain degree of arbitrariness in the drawing of 

 some word boundaries. 



The principal criterion for recognizing words is that of unlimited 

 substitutability at word boundaries.^ Severe restrictions on the 



2 For an explanation of the change In the stem-final vowel, see "Inflectional aflBxes" and "Stem variants." 



3 A full treatment of this approach to the definition of a word is given in Greenberg, 1957, pp. 27-34. 



