"^^No^^ebf^^' LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 75 



The general structure of the three major word classes may be 

 distinguished as follows: 



1. Verbs are always inflected, always include stem formation and 

 sometimes include derivation. 



2. Verbal auxiliaries are always inflected but never include stem 

 formation or derivation. 



3. Uninflected words include neither inflection nor stem formation 

 but may include derivation. 



Specific morphemes involved in each level of structuring also may 

 serve to distinguish the major word classes. Verbs are distinguished 

 from verbal auxiliaries, for instance, in that aU verb stems are po- 

 tentially capable of occurring with a futm*e tense marker while verbal 

 auxiliaries never include this morpheme. 



VERBS 



VERB INFLECTION 

 GRAMMATICAL. CATEGORIES 



The following grammatical categories are expressed by verb inflec- 

 tion, or, less commonly, by changes in the verb stem: 



Svbject person. — First, second, or third person subject is recognized 

 in all intransitive verbs in the non-future tense. It is most commonly 

 indicated by a prefix, although in some verbs the pronominal element 

 is a suffix: 



s-upE I ate zil-sE I went 



s-upE you ate zil-su you went 



k-upE he ate zil-ku he ivent 



In addition, some verbs occur with a pronominal morpheme indicating 

 indefinite subject: 



sk-^ukui one's wives 



Subject-object person. — The subject and object of every transitive 

 verb in the non-future tense are indicated by a single prefix. Seven 

 principal subject-object combinations are recognized. 



First person subject with third person object: s-dku I bit him 



Second person subject with third person object: s-^ku you bit him 



Third person subject with third person object: g-^ku he bit him 



First person subject with second person object: s-£lktr / bit you 



Second person subject with first person object: c-^kxj you bit me 



Third person subject with first person object: sk-^ku he bit me 



Third person subject with second person object, g^z-aku he bit you 



In some, but not all, transitive verbs a fourth person subject with third 

 person object is recognized which is distinct from the third person 

 subject with third person object: 



g-^kxj he (third person) bit him 

 c-^ku he (fourth person) bit him 



