^°NJ!°69f''^' LANGUAGE OF SANTA ANA PUEBLO — DAVIS 77 



Mode. — Pronominal affixes indicate not only the person of the 

 subject or the subject and object but also indicate the mode. For 

 each mode there is a distinctive set of pronominal affixes. A total of 

 six modes are recognized; indicative, negative, dubitative, hortative, 

 negative hortative, and futm-e hortative. For each subject-object 

 combination, however, only certain modes are indicated formally in the 

 inflection: 



Certain particles characteristic of specific modes may precede the verb 

 and are often necessary in order to avoid ambiguity. Verbs in the 

 negative mode, for instance, are always preceded by the negative 

 particle zazi, and those in the negative hortative mode by the particle 

 ba-mi*: 



z&zi sd^'f-zuwA I didn't pay him 



hk-ral- sd^f-zuwA don't pay him 



Voice. — Reflexive-reciprocal and passive voice are indicated by a 

 prefix foUowing the pronominal prefix of transitive verbs together 

 with a distinctive set of pronominal allomorphs. Reflexive and 

 reciprocal voice are indicated by the prefix -a- and are distinguished 

 one from the other by different thematic adjuncts: 



s-a-ukACA / saw myself 



s-&-ukAcan9ti we two saw ourselves 

 s-d-yakAcanati we two saw each other 



Passive voice is indicated by the prefix -a ''a- or -a- and takes the plural 

 subject suffix: 



sk-d?d-izuwa--nE / was paid 



Aspect. — There are three aspect morphemes. The most common 

 of these expresses continuative action: 

 sfukAca-nikuyA I am looking at him 



Compare: 



sfukA^A I saw him 



A less common aspect morpheme indicates unfulfilled action: 

 supE-wE I have come to eat 



Compare: 



supE I ate 



