98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



Thematic adjuncts occurring in intransitive verbs with singular 

 subject are single vowels or vowel clusters: 

 g-ii-yd, he skinned it 

 s-i-ni you walked 



s-di-natA I cooked it 

 s-^u-tA / killed it 



In most cases the thematic adjunct remains the same in all singular 

 forms of the verb. Two exceptions, however, should be noted. (1) 

 Type B intransitive verbs which normally take -u or -u show a shift 

 to -e or -E in certain forms (see also "Vowel Reduction") as: 



zdk-u he went 

 zils-E I went 



(2) Intransitive verbs of classes 9-11 and 9-12 (see pp. 110 ff.) 

 show a change from -au- to -u- in the second person hortative: 



s-^u-tA you killed it 

 c-il-tA kill it 



Intransitive verbs with dual or plural subject often have the same 

 thematic adjunct as the singular form: 



z-f-kupAWA he chopped 



z-f-kupawana they two chopped 



z-f-kupawanE they chopped 



In other verbs there are changes resembling the expansion of the 

 thematic adjunct of transitive verbs: 



s-u-td-niQA / worked 



s-uwA-td-nizanE we worked 



There is, however, no regular pattern of expansion in intransitive as 

 there is in transitive verbs. Stem changes involving the thematic 

 adjunct are treated under "Stem Variants." 



The benefactive suffix is analyzed as part of the stem rather than as 

 an inflectional afl&x because its inclusion in a verb normally involves 

 a change in the classification of the verb: verbs with this suffix occur 

 with a distinctive set of pronominal allomorphs that differs, in most 

 cases, from the set which occurs in the simpler forms. All verb stems 

 with the benefactive suffix are Class D transitive stems (see p. 108). 

 They may be formed, however, from stems that are either transitive 

 or intransitive and which belong to any of the principal classes. There 

 are five allomorphs of the benefactive suffix: -ni, -mi, -mi, -dimi, and 

 -wi. The occurrence of these allomorphs correlates with specific 

 allomorphs of the plural subject suffix. Verbs which are pluralized 

 by 502A or 502B in forms lacking Century Class 400 suffixes take the 

 -ni allomorph of the benefactive suffix: 



cinhXA I bought it sati§A / talked to you 



sazan^danE we bought it satisAiiE we talked to you 



ciunMani I bought it for him satiSani / talked to him for you 



