100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



Morphophonemic processes involved in suffixation, too, often 

 result in regular stem changes: 



g-ukACA (g — [- -ukACA) he saw him 



g-dkAca-nikuyA (g- + -ukACA + -nikuyA) he is looking at him 



g-iipB (g- + -upE) he ate 



g-iibeu-kuyA (g- + -upE + -kuyA) he is eating 



s-uwi-cA (s- + -uwi-CA) I made it 



s-uwt-ti-tA (s- + -uwt-QA + -(i)tA) I am making it 



Stem variants may result from regular changes which do not 

 involve morphophonemic processes. The most common of these is 

 the expansion of the thematic adjunct to indicate dual or plural object 

 of transitive verbs. This kind of change is regarded as stem change 

 rather than inflection because (1) the changes are of such a nature that 

 no additive morpheme can be isolated, and (2) it parallels in many 

 ways the kind of irregular change which takes place in certain in- 

 transitive verb stems in the dual and plural as compared with the 

 singular forms. The expansion of thematic adjuncts in transitive 

 verbs has been described in "Stem Formation" and examples given. 



The regular change from -au- to -u- in the second person horta- 

 tive forms of Class 9-11 and 9-12 intransitive verbs likewise produces 

 stem variants: 



s-dudi I planted 

 c-udi plant it 



The change to -i or -i of a stem-final -a or -a preceding allomorph 

 -tA of the continuative action suffix and before allomorph -yA of 

 the plural subject suffix was noted in "Inflectional Affixes": 



cf-zuwA (ci- + -I-zuwa) I paid him 



ci-zuwi-tA (ci — I — f-ziiwA + -tA) I am paying him 



Changes which are irregular and which must be indicated in stem 

 listing are of the following types: 



1. Changes in intransitive verb stems in the dual and in the plural 

 as compared to the singular. — Dual and plural forms of intransitive 

 verbs, except for a relatively few which exhibit stem suppletion, are 

 clearly related to the singular forms. The changes in the stem, 

 however, are highly irregular: 



g-uiha he left 



g-tl-iha they two left 



z-g-ma they left 



k-upE he ate 



g-a-^Abe they two ate 



g-&-'ApE they ate 



k-ut&-nicA he worked 



g-uti-niza-na they two worked 



g-tiwAt&-mza-nE they worked 



