102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



3. Shifts in the thematic adjunct vowel of transitive verbs in the passive 

 voice. — Some verbs that normally occur with -u- as the thematic 

 adjunct show a shift to -a- in the passive voice: 



sg-u-k^icA he hit me 



skd'-dkMzanE I was hit 



This change cannot be predicted from the phonetic content of the 

 stem nor from its class membership, and is indicated as follows in 

 stem listings: 



-u/d.kaicA to hit 



4. The change from a glottalized to a 'plain sonorant in the initial 

 stem consonant. — Stems which are based on cores normally beginning 

 with a glottalized sonorant sometimes show a shift to a plain sonorant 

 in forms prefixed by a glottalized consonant. Other verbs, however, 

 retain the glottalized sonorant: 



s-dw&,nE you hunted gaz-d-wi your child 



c-uwanE hunt k-a-wi his child 



Those stems which exhibit this type of change are indicated thus: 



-\iw/wanE to hunt 



5. The lengthening of a stem-jinal vowel. — In "Voicing" it was noted 

 that some vowels which are normally voiceless become voiced and 

 long when followed by a suffix. This lengthening is characteristic 

 of some, but not all, stem-final vowels: 



cf-zuwA I paid him cid^dwA / stabbed him 



sf-zuwa-nE we paid him cidyawanE we stabbed him 



Vowels which undergo this type of lengthening are followed by a 

 vowel length symbol in parentheses in stem listings: 

 -f-ziiwA(-) to pay 



6. The introduction of a glottal stop after the stem-final vowel. — Some 

 verb stems are characterized in certain forms by the introduction of a 

 glottal stop following the stem-final vowel. The glottal stop appears 

 regularly, in forms without suflBxes, in the negative mode and in the 

 future tense: 



zid^a he caught him 



zd,zi zid^a? he didn't catch him 

 nid^a? will catch 



In some of these verbs the glottal stop also appears in all forms 

 containing suflixes, together with the rearticulation of the stem-final 

 vowel if the suffix begins with a sonorant: 



zidt-§a he fed him 



zldi-sa'i'-tA he is feeding him 

 zfdt-sa'a-nE they fed him 



