120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 191 



In addition, dubitative mode is sometimes marked by Isaucigai maybe 

 and hortative mode by the hortatory exclamation, ha-ne. 



Connectives. — This is a class of very limited membership including 

 gu and, '^e and, and '^esgasku but. 



Narrative particles. — This class contains a few short words, su, ?e, 

 ^ai, ?eu, and du, which occur in various combinations with very high 

 frequency in narrative text. They cannot be translated except in a 

 general way as and then. 



Exclamations. — Included in this class are a variety of exclamations 

 such as: 



ha- yes hind, O.K. 



za no ma- look! 



me- don't 



Most uninflected words are not amenable to internal structural 

 analysis. There are, however, a number of subclasses, largely of quite 

 limited membership, which exhibit specific types of derivational 

 formations. These subclasses will be described below. 



Nominalized verbs. — ^There are three general types of referentials 

 which are derived from verbs by the omission of all verb prefixes and 

 the addition of a nominalizing suffix. 



The first type, which principally includes certain body parts, is 

 based on the verb core; i.e., the thematic adjunct is excluded. The 

 nominalizer in such words is regularly -ni. The following examples 

 show first the verb form (translatable into English possessed body 

 parts) followed by the nominalized form: 



gdnfegdi his head ndsgdini head 



gdyii-spi his shoulder yu-sbini shoulder 



s6wi-si my nose wisi-ni nose 



The second type of nominalized verb also includes body parts pri- 

 marily and is based on the verb stem (which includes the thematic 

 adjunct) preceded by h-. The nominalizer in these words is either -ni 

 or -nani: 



sdsdi your foot hdsdi'i'ini foot 



sd-mucu your toe hd-mucuni toe 



sd'i'dcA your tooth hd'i'acanani tooth 



The third type of nominalized verb includes a wide variety of action 

 words and is based on the verb core preceded by ?u- or ?u-. The 

 nominalizer in these words is most commonly -ni, but may be any one 

 of several suffixes: 



